Английская Википедия:Calumet Aquifer

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Шаблон:Short description The Calumet Aquifer is an aquifer underlying the land at the extreme southern tip of Lake Michigan. It underlies the northern third of Lake County, Indiana and the northern tenth of Porter County, as well as small parts of LaPorte County and Cook County, Illinois.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is notable chiefly for its high levels of contamination by industrial waste from factories and toxic waste dumps in the Calumet Region. It is bordered to the south by Valparaiso Moraine Aquifer, and to the north by Lake Michigan. It is underlain by a Silurian bedrock aquifer complex.Шаблон:Sfn

Cities on top of the aquifer include Gary, Hammond, and East Chicago.Шаблон:Sfn The aquifer sits in unconsolidated deposits of fine sand and glacial till in the Calumet Lacustrine Plain,Шаблон:Sfn with some occasional lenses of peat and gravel and areas of slag fill.Шаблон:Sfn As a result, it is especially vulnerable to contamination from surface sources.Шаблон:Sfn The aquifer has never been extensively used as a source of water, local communities instead drawing water from Lake Michigan.Шаблон:Sfn

The area above the Calumet Aquifer receives an average of 36 inches of precipitation per year.Шаблон:Sfn Twelve inches per year are recharged into the aquifer.Шаблон:Sfn The storage coefficient of the aquifer is 0.12, which because the aquifer is unconfined, means that it yields about 12% water by volume.Шаблон:Sfn

As a groundwater aquifer, the Calumet Aquifer provides water to local surface waterways, including the Grand Calumet River and Little Calumet River.Шаблон:Sfn The contributions can go in both directions: when the Little Calumet is in flood stage, it rises above the aquifer level and water from the river enters the aquifer.Шаблон:Sfn The aquifer also receives water from the Valparaiso Moraine Aquifer to the south, via the bedrock system that underlies both.Шаблон:Sfn Over most of its area, the aquifer averages Шаблон:Convert in saturated thickness and lies approximately Шаблон:Convert below the surface.Шаблон:Sfn Its greatest saturated thickness is around Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

The Calumet Aquifer is sometimes subdivided into the Calumet Aquifer and Lacustrine Plain Aquifer, with the Calumet Aquifer proper occupying a relatively narrow band along Lake Michigan, and also underlain by the Lacustrine Plain Aquifer in the subtill layer.Шаблон:Sfn

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