Английская Википедия:Camarilla
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses A camarilla is a group of courtiers or favourites who surround a king or ruler. Usually, they do not hold any office or have any official authority at the royal court but influence their ruler behind the scenes. Consequently, they also escape having to bear responsibility for the effects of their advice. The term derives from the Spanish word camarilla (diminutive of cámara), meaning "little chamber" or private cabinet of the king. It was first used of the circle of cronies around Spanish King Ferdinand VII (reigned 1814–1833). The term involves what is known as cronyism. The term also entered other languages like the Polish, German and Greek, and is used in the sense given above.
A similar concept in modern politics is that of a Kitchen Cabinet, which is often composed of unelected advisers bypassing traditional governance practices.
Examples
Germany
In particular, two groups are called camarillas: those who surrounded the Emperor Wilhelm IIШаблон:Cn and the President Paul von Hindenburg.[1]
The camarilla of President Paul von Hindenburg
- Oskar von Hindenburg, the son of the PresidentШаблон:R
- Otto Meissner,Шаблон:R secretary of state, chief of the presidential office
- General Kurt von Schleicher,Шаблон:R head of the military office in the Defence Ministry, later Chancellor
- Franz von Papen, Chancellor
Romania
The camarilla of Queen Marie
- Barbu Ştirbey, prince and lover of the queen [2]
The camarilla of King Carol II
- Elena Lupescu, mistress and later wife of King Carol II [2][3]
- Puiu Dumitrescu, private secretary of King Carol II (earlier period) [3]
- Barbu Ionescu, businessman [3]
- Hugo Bacher [3]
- Nae Ionescu, philosopher and journalist (1930-1933)[4]
- Gavrilă Marinescu, Bucharest police prefect[3]
- Ernest Urdăreanu, secretary of King Carol II (later period)[2]
- Max Auschnitt, industrialist [2]
- Nicolae Malaxa, industrialist [2][5]
- Aristide Blank, industrialist
- Mihai Moruzov, head of the Romanian Secret Intelligence Service [2]
Russia
In the 19th century, Russia's government was frequently described as a "camarilla", starting as early as 1860.[6] This usage remained common into the 20th century; for instance, in 1917, commentator Robert Machray wrote of "certain forces in the background of the political life of Russia known as the 'Camarilla', which exercised and still exercise an extraordinary influence".[7]
Spain
The right-wing domestic circle with which Francisco Franco surrounded himself with in his final years at the Royal Palace of El Pardo, his official residence, has been referred to as a "camarilla" by multiple authors.[8][9][10]
The "El Pardo" camarilla of Francisco Franco
- Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, son-in-law of FrancoШаблон:RШаблон:R
- Carmen Polo, wife of FrancoШаблон:RШаблон:R
- Vicente Gil García, personal physician to FrancoШаблон:R
- José Ramón Gavilán, head of Franco's personal military staffШаблон:R
- Antonio Urcelay Rodríguez, naval aide to FrancoШаблон:R
- Felipe Polo Martínez-Valdés, brother-in-law and personal lawyer of FrancoШаблон:R
Other
- "Camarilla" is also the name of a "sect" (faction) in the role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade.
- The Camarilla is a multi-planetary, multi-species secret organization intent on keeping Earth isolated from the rest of the galaxy in Brian Daley's "Fitzhugh & Floyt" trilogy.
- The Camarilla is a multi-planetary, multi-species secret organization with varied and often obscure motives in Lisanne Norman's Sholan Alliance.
- The Camarilla is an ancient, secret organization of witch hunters in the American TV show Motherland: Fort Salem.
See also
- Privy Council
- Cabal
- Courtier
- Royal court
- Cabal Ministry
- Cliveden set
- Éminence grise
- Power behind the throne
- The School of Night
- Makhzen
- Imperial Preceptor
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Refimprove
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1942.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Hans-Christian Maner, Parlamentarismus in Rumänien (1930-1940): Demokratie im autoritären Umfeld, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1997, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN.
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Zigu Ornea, "Dezvăluirile lui Constantin Beldie" Шаблон:Webarchive, România literară, 46/2000
- ↑ Petre Pandrea, Cronică valahă cu inginerul Malaxa ("Wallachian Chronicle with Engineer Malaxa"), in Magazin Istoric, May 2002.
- ↑ "Prince Dolgoroukov on Russia and Self-Emancipation." Edinburgh Review, July, 1860. p. 90
- ↑ Machray, Robert. "The Political Situation in Russia." The Nineteenth Century and After, volume 81, March 1917. pp. 601-602
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
