Английская Википедия:Camp Barneveld
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox concentration camp
Camp Barneveld was an internment camp consisting of two buildings for Dutch Jews near the town of Barneveld, the Netherlands during the German occupation in World War II. Dutch civil servant Karel Frederiks had made an arrangement, later called Plan Frederiks, with the occupiers to keep a small group of Dutch Jews in the Netherlands and exclude them from deportation to the labour, concentration, or extermination camps abroad. At first, in December 1942, a castle called De Schaffelaar was used to house the interned Jews. When De Schaffelaar was full, a nearby large villa called De Biezen and its barracks were added. Although the Nazis did eventually, in September 1943, deport the group of around 650 Jews from Camp Barneveld to Westerbork transit camp and then on to concentration camp Theresienstadt in Bohemia, almost all survived.
Background
Шаблон:Main In mid-1942, Dutch civil servant Karel Fredriks had made an arrangement with the Generalkommissar Fritz Schmidt to safeguard five "deserving" Dutch Jews. Another civil servant, Jan van Dam, also approached Schmidt and within months the list was extended to a few hundred, selected from thousands of Jewish lawyers, professors, doctors, musicians and actors begging to be included.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Reichskommissar Arthur Seyss-Inquart officially promised to keep those on the list from being deported to camps abroad.Шаблон:Sfn Dutch historian Jacques Presser wrote in his 1968 book about the Dutch Jews during the occupation that the Nazis possibly agreed to Plan Frederiks in order to channel any nascent resistance.Шаблон:Sfn Historian Loe de Jong called the Barneveld Jews "an easy prey for the occupier" in his 14 volume book series The Kingdom of the Netherlands During World War II.Шаблон:Sfn Frederiks arranged an empty castle near Barneveld, De Schaffelaar, to house the Jews.Шаблон:Sfn On 16 December 1942 the first Jews arrived.Шаблон:Sfn
Camp
De Schaffelaar was a neo-gothic castle dating from the 1850s. It was in a derelict state, without heating and sanitary ware. It was surrounded by a large lawn and woods. There was no fence. There were no German guards.Шаблон:Sfn The first arrivals brought their own furniture, turning the many empty rooms into small living rooms.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Barracks were placed in the gardens in around March 1943 to house the ever-expanding group.Шаблон:Sfn
Once the castle and its barracks were full, the barracks on the grounds of the nearby villa De Biezen were selected for the newcomers. In the 1930s, during and following the Great Depression, De Biezen had been a labour camp for jobless people.Шаблон:Sfn
Camp Barneveld was run by a Dutch officer, supported by six staff who performed administrative duties as well as acting as guards. They were paid from the camp fund raised from the interned Jews themselves; on arrival the Jews had to hand over all their money.Шаблон:Sfn Children were given daily lessons by professors. There were concerts and speeches. A woman who had been interned at Barneveld as a child later said she never realised she was imprisoned.Шаблон:Sfn Compared to life at Herzogenbusch concentration camp and Westerbork transit camp, other Nazi camps in the Netherlands, life at Camp Barneveld was favourable.Шаблон:Sfn Initially visitors were allowed and the interned Jews were allowed to visit the town. From June 1943 onwards these privileges were taken away.Шаблон:Sfn
From interviews with survivors Presser concluded that many Barneveld Jews had assessed the risks involved in going into hiding to be greater than voluntarily going to Camp Barneveld.Шаблон:Sfn One couple maintained contacts with outside the camp in order to be able to flee, which eventually they did.Шаблон:Sfn In May 1943 there were 538 people interned at the camp, 363 in De Schaffelaar and 175 in De Biezen.Шаблон:Sfn By early September this had grown to 651, 468 in the castle, 183 in the villa.Шаблон:Sfn Prominent names among them were writer Abel Herzberg,Шаблон:Sfn member of the House of Representatives Betsy Bakker-Nort,[1] and jurist Eduard Meijers.Шаблон:Sfn
Closure
Schmidt died in June 1943.Шаблон:Sfn In August 1943 orders were sent from Berlin to close the camp and deport the Jews.Шаблон:Sfn On 29 September 1943 the Barneveld Jews were told they were going to be transferred to Westerbork. An eyewitness reported the Nazis did not carefully guard the prisoners and 22 people fled.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn On 4 September 1944 the group was put on a train to concentration camp Theresienstadt in Bohemia; a list from Westerbork exists with 650 names of which 16 are crossed out.Шаблон:Sfn
See also
References
Sources
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- 1942 establishments in the Netherlands
- Buildings and structures in Gelderland
- History of Gelderland
- Internment camps in the Netherlands
- 20th-century architecture in the Netherlands
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