Английская Википедия:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description

Файл:Eshmunazar II sarcophagus.jpg
The Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II was the first of this type of inscription found anywhere in the Levant (modern Jordan, Palestine, Israel, Lebanon and Syria).[1][2]

The Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions, also known as Northwest Semitic inscriptions,[3] are the primary extra-Biblical source for understanding of the society and history of the ancient Phoenicians, Hebrews and Arameans. Semitic inscriptions may occur on stone slabs, pottery ostraca, ornaments, and range from simple names to full texts.[4][5][6][7] The older inscriptions form a Canaanite–Aramaic dialect continuum, exemplified by writings which scholars have struggled to fit into either category, such as the Stele of Zakkur and the Deir Alla Inscription.[8][9][10][11]

The Northwest Semitic languages are a language group that contains the Aramaic language, as well as the Canaanite languages including Phoenician and Hebrew.

Languages

Шаблон:Multiple image The old Aramaic period (850 to 612 BC) saw the production and dispersal of inscriptions due to the rise of the Arameans as a major force in Ancient Near East. Their language was adopted as an international language of diplomacy, particularly during the late stages of the Neo-Assyrian Empire as well as the spread of Aramaic speakers from Egypt to Mesopotamia.[12] The first known Aramaic inscription was the Carpentras Stela, found in southern France in 1704; it was considered to be Phoenician text at the time.[13][14]

Only 10,000 inscriptions in Phoenician-Punic, a Canaanite language, are known,[7][15] such that "Phoenician probably remains the worst transmitted and least known of all Semitic languages."[16] The only other substantial source for Phoenician-Punic are the excerpts in Poenulus, a play written by the Roman writer Plautus (see Шаблон:Section link for an analysis).[7] Within the corpus of inscriptions only 668 words have been attested, including 321 hapax legomena (words only attested a single time), per Wolfgang Röllig's analysis in 1983.[17] This compares to the Bible's 7,000–8,000 words and 1,500 hapax legomena, in Biblical Hebrew.[17][18] The first published Phoenician-Punic inscription was from the Cippi of Melqart, found in 1694 in Malta;[19] the first published such inscription from the Phoenician "homeland" was the Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II published in 1855.[1][2]

Fewer than 2,000 inscriptions in Ancient Hebrew, another Canaanite language, are known, of which the vast majority comprise just a single letter or word.[20][21] The first detailed Ancient Hebrew inscription published was the Royal Steward inscription, found in 1870.[22][23]

List of notable inscriptions

The inscriptions written in ancient Northwest Semitic script (Canaanite and Aramaic) have been catalogued into multiple corpora (i.e., lists) over the last two centuries. The primary corpora to have been produced are as follows:

The inscriptions listed below include those which are mentioned in multiple editions of the corpora above (the numbers in the concordance column cross-refer to the works above), as well as newer inscriptions which have been published since the corpora above were published (references provided individually).

Name Image No. Discovered Date Location found Current Location Concordance
KAI CIS / RÉS NE KI NSI TSSI Ref.
Ahiram Sarcophagus An inscription 1 1923 c.1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 1 III 4
Byblos Necropolis graffito An inscription 1 1923 c.1000 BCE Byblos in situ 2 III 5
Byblos bronze spatulas An inscription 1 1926–1932 1000–900 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 3 III 1
Byblos clay cone inscriptions An inscription 2 1950 1100–1000 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut III 2,3
Yehimilk inscription An inscription 1 1930 c.960/950 BCE Byblos Byblos Castle 4 III 6
Abiba’l inscription An inscription 1 1895 c.940/930 BCE Byblos Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 5 R 505 III 7
Osorkon Bust An inscription 1 1881 c.920 BC Byblos Louvre 6 III 8
Safatba'al inscription An inscription 1 1936 c.900 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 7 III 9
Abda sherd An inscription 1 1926–1932 c.900 BCE Byblos 8 III 10
Son of Safatba'al inscription An inscription 1 1926–1932 c.500/475 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 9
Yehawmilk Stele An inscription 1 1869 c.450/425 BCE Byblos Louvre 10 I 1 416 5 3 III 25
Batnoam sarcophagus An inscription 1 1926–1932 c.450–425 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 11 III 26
Byblos altar inscription An inscription 1 1923 200–100 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 12
Byblos marble inscription An inscription 1 1957 500 BCE Byblos National Museum of Beirut 280
Tabnit sarcophagus An inscription 1 1887 500 BC Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient 13 R 1202 417,1 6 4 III 27
Sarcophagus of Eshmunazar II An inscription 1 1855 c. 525 BC Sidon Louvre 14 I 3, R 1506 417,2 7 5 III 28
Bodashtart inscriptions An inscription 22-24 Шаблон:Sort 300s BC Sidon Louvre and Museum of the Ancient Orient 15–16 I 4, R 766, 767 8–10 6, Appendix I
Abdmiskar cippus An inscription 1 1890 300 BCE Sidon Louvre 282 R 930 418,3 11 7
Eshmun inscription An inscription 1 1901 Sidon Museum of the Ancient Orient R 297
KAI 283 Sidon 283 [29]
Tyre Cistern inscription An inscription 1 1885 Tyre Louvre 418,c 8
Throne of Astarte An inscription 1 1907 Tyre Louvre and National Museum of Beirut 17 R 800 III 30
Abdbaal the centurion inscription Файл:Bloc avec inscription, AO 3083 (2022 96).jpg 1 near Tyre Louvre [30]
KAI 284 Tyre 284 [31]
Baalshamin inscription An inscription 1 1861 132 BC Umm al-Amad Louvre 18 I 7 418,d 12 9 [32]
Phoenician sun dial An inscription 1 1860–1945 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut I 9
Umm al-Amad votive inscription An inscription 1 1861 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Louvre I 8 419,2 13
Phoenician Adoration steles An inscription 1 1900 Umm al-Amad, Lebanon Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Louvre R 250, R 307 14–15
Phoenician Sphinx inscription An inscription 1 1962 Umm al-Amad National Museum of Beirut III 32
El-Osiris inscription Umm al-Amad Louvre R 504
Masub inscription An inscription 1 1885 222 BC Masub Louvre 19 R 1205 419e 16 10 III 31
Arwad bilingual An inscription 1 1916 Arwad Louvre
Tortosa bomos inscription Файл:Tartous (RÉS 56).jpg 1 Tortosa, Syria Louvre R 56
Phoenician arrowheads An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1926 onwards 11th century BCE various various 20–22 III p. 6
Hasanbeyli inscription An inscription 1 1894 Hasanbeyli Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 23
Kilamuwa Stela An inscription 1 1893 c. 850/825 BCE Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 24 III 13
Kilamuwa scepter An inscription 1 1943 Sam'al 25 III 14
Karatepe bilingual An inscription 1 1946 c. 750 BCE Karatepe Karatepe-Aslantaş Open-Air Museum 26 III 15
İvriz inscription 1986 75 meter upstream from the İvriz relief[33] unpublished [34]
Arslan Tash amulets An inscription 2 1933 Arslan Tash National Museum of Aleppo 27 III 23–24
Carchemish Phoenician inscription An inscription 1 1950 Carchemish British Museum 28
Ur Box inscription An inscription 1 1927 Ur British Museum 29 III 20
Honeyman inscription An inscription 1 1939 900 BCE Cyprus Cyprus Museum 30 III 12
Baal Lebanon inscription An inscription 1 1877 700s BC Cyprus Cabinet des Médailles 31 I 5 419 17 11 III 17
Phoenician metal bowls An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1849 onwards 700s BC Nimrud, Cyprus, Italy and others various I 164, II 46–49 III 19
Kition Resheph pillars An inscription 2 1860 341 BC Cyprus Louvre 32 I 10, 88 420,1 18, 30 12, 23
Pococke Kition inscriptions An inscription 31 1738 300s BC Cyprus Ashmolean Museum 33, 35 I 11, 46, 57–85 420,4 19, 23, 27, 28 13, 16, 18, 19 III 35
Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions An inscription 4 1894 300s BC Cyprus British Museum, Cyprus Museum, Ashmolean Museum 34 R 1206 420,3 22 21-22
Pierides Kition inscriptions An inscription 7 1881 Cyprus Louvre 12, 13, 14, 50–53 20, 25–26 14
Eshmun obelisk An inscription 1 1881 Cyprus British Museum I 44 420,2 21 15
Kellia inscription An inscription 1 1844 Cyprus 36 I 47 420,5 24 17
Kition Tariffs An inscription 2 1879 300s BC Cyprus British Museum 37 I 86A–B, 87 29 20 III 33
Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions Файл:Pumayyaton and Pnytarion's inscriptions.jpg 1 1950s c. 327 BC near Dromolaxia, Cyprus Larnaca District Archaeological Museum (n. 1425) [35]
Idalion bilingual and Idalion Temple inscriptions An inscription 6 1869 391–254 BC Idalion, Cyprus British Museum 38–40 I 89–94 421,1–3 31–33 24–27 III 34
Tamassos bilinguals An inscription 2 1885 363 BC Tamassos, Cyprus British Museum 41 R 1212–1213 421c 34 30
Anat Athena bilingual An inscription 1 1850 312 BCE Cyprus in situ 42 I 95, R 1515 422,1 35 28
Larnakas tis Lapithou pedestal inscription An inscription 1 1893 275 BCE Cyprus Louvre 43 R 1211 422,2 36 29 III 36
Rhodes Phoenician-Greek bilingual inscriptions An inscription 3 1914–68 300–200 BCE Rhodes Archaeological Museum of Rhodes 44–45 III 39
Nora Stone An inscription 1 1773 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 46 I 144 427c 60 41 III 11 [36]
Cippi of Melqart An inscription 1 1694 100s BC Malta Louvre and National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 47 I 122 425f 53 36 [36]
Banobal stele An inscription 1 1900 Memphis Egyptian Museum 48 R 1, 235 37
Abydos graffiti An set of inscriptions 1868 Abydos in situ 49 I 99–110, R 1302ff. 423a 38-42 31
Abu Simbel Phoenician graffiti An set of inscriptions 1842 Abu Simbel in situ I 111-113 423b 43
Phoenician papyrus letters An inscription 2 1937–1940 Cairo and Saqqara Egyptian Museum 50–51
Phoenician Harpocrates statues An inscription 2 1770, 1963 unknown National Archaeological Museum (Madrid) and British Museum 52 R 1507 424 44 III 37, 38
Athenian Greek-Phoenician inscriptions An inscription 18 1795 etc. Athens, Piraeus British Museum, Louvre, National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Archaeological Museum of Piraeus 53–60 I 115–120, R 388, 1215 424,1–3, 425,1–5 45–52 32–35 III 40–41
Mdina steles An inscription 2 1816 Malta National Museum of Archaeology, Malta 61 I 123A–B 426,2 54 37 III 21,22 [36]
Benhisa inscription An inscription 1 1761 Malta Cabinet des Médailles I 124 426,3 55 [36]
Gozo stele An inscription 1 1855 Malta Gozo Museum of Archaeology 62 I 132 426,4 56 38 [36]
Lilybaeum stele An inscription 1 1882 Sicily Regional Archeological Museum Antonio Salinas 63 I 138 57 [36]
Bashamem inscription An inscription 1 1877 200 BC Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 64 I 139 427a 58 39 [36]
Giardino Birocchi inscription An inscription 1 1912 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari 65 [36]
Pauli Gerrei trilingual inscription An inscription 1 1861 Sardinia Turin Archaeology Museum 66 I 143 427b 59 40 [36]
Tharros Punic inscriptions An inscription 14 1870 Sardinia Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari, Museo nazionale archeologico ed etnografico G. A. Sanna 67 I 158 62 [36]
Olbia pedestal An inscription 1 1911 Sardinia 68 R 1216 [36]
Marseille Tariff An inscription 1 1845 300s BC Marseille Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 69 I 165 428 63 42 [36]
Avignon Punic inscription An inscription 1 1897 Avignon Musée d'archéologie méditerranéenne 70 R 360 64 III 18 [36]
Douïmès medallion An inscription 1 1894 700 BCE Carthage Carthage National Museum 73 I 6057, R 5 429,1 70
Carthage Tariff An inscription 1 1858 300 BC Carthage British Museum 74 I 167 429b 66 43
1920 Carthage 75 I 3916
Carthage Festival Offering inscription An inscription 1 1872 300 BC Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 76 I 166 430,3 67 44 [37]
1906 Carthage 77 I 3921
Mitsri genealogy inscription An inscription 1 1922 300s BCE Carthage 78 I 3778
KNMY's child sacrifice(?) inscription An inscription 1 1922 Carthage 79 I 3785
An inscription 1871 Carthage British Museum 80 I 175 430,4 68 46
An inscription 1898 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 81 I 3914 69 45
Persephone Punic stele An inscription 1 1881 Carthage Turin Archaeology Museum 82 I 176 71 [37]
An inscription 1873 Carthage 83 I 177 430,6 72 47
Son of Baalshillek marble base An inscription 1 1858 Carthage British Museum 84 I 178 430,7 73
Carthaginian tombstones Inscription sketches 1817 onwards Carthage Carthage National Museum, others 85 various 74
Pricot de Sainte-Marie steles An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1874–75 Carthage Bibliothèque nationale de France, Louvre 86–88 I 264, 221, 1885 76, 80, 83
Punic Tabella Defixionis An inscription 1899 200 BC Carthage Carthage National Museum 89 I 6068, R 18, 1590 85 50
An inscription 1904 Carthage Carthage National Museum 90 I 5953, R 537 87
1899 Carthage Carthage National Museum 91 I 5991, R 1227 88
Sibbolet funeral inscription An inscription 1 1902 Carthage Carthage National Museum 92 I 5948, R 768 89
An inscription 1905 Carthage Carthage National Museum 93 I 5950, R 553 90
An inscription 1907 Carthage 94 I 2992 [38]
1906 Carthage 95 R 786, 1854
1901 Carthage 96 I 5988, R 183, 1600
Hadrumetum Punic inscriptions An inscription 12 1867, 1946 Sousse Sousse Archaeological Museum, the Louvre and the Maison méditerranéenne des Sciences de l'homme 97–99 432,1–3 91–92
Punic-Libyan bilinguals An inscription 2 1631 Dougga British Museum 100–101 433,c 93 52
Cirta steles An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1857–61, 1875, 1950 300-100BCE Constantine Musée national Cirta 102–116, 162–164 R 327, 334, 339, 1544 433,1–9 and 434,10–12 94–99 51
Quintus Markius trilingual inscription 1 middle of 1st century BC Henchir-Alouin (near Uthina) [39]
El Amrouni mausoleum An inscription 1 1894 Remada 117 435b 101
Bourgade inscriptions An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1852 Carthage and wider Tunisia 133–135 436,3–12
Thinissut sanctuary inscription An inscription 1 1908 Bir Bouregba Nabeul Museum 137 R 942, 1858
1900 Bou Arada 140 R 679
Maktar and Mididi inscriptions An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1890s Maktar and Mididi 145–158 R 161–181, 2221 436,11 59a-c
Wilmanns Neopunic inscriptions An inscription 5 1873-74 Tunisia Louvre and Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 139, 142, 159 435,2, 437a 53, 55
Cherchell Neopunic inscriptions An inscription 2 1875, 1882 Cherchell Louvre 161 439,2 56–57
Ain Nechma inscriptions An inscription 40 1843 Guelma Louvre 166–169 437 58
Sant'Antioco bilingual An inscription 1 1881 Sardinia Museo archeologico comunale Ferruccio Barreca 172 I 149 434,1 100 [36]
Mesha Stele An inscription 1 1868 Dhiban Louvre 181 415 1 1 I 16
Gezer calendar An inscription 1 1908 Gezer Museum of the Ancient Orient 182 R 1201 I 1
Samaria Ostraca An inscription 102 1910 Sebastia Museum of the Ancient Orient 183–188 I 2–3
Nimrud ivory inscriptions An inscription 1845, 1961 Nimrud British Museum I 6
Siloam inscription An inscription 1 1880 Jerusalem Museum of the Ancient Orient 189 3 2 I 7
Ophel ostracon An inscription 1 1924 Jerusalem Rockefeller Museum 190 I 9
Royal Steward inscription An inscription 1 1870 Jerusalem British Museum 191 I 8
Lachish letters An inscription 1 1935 Tel Lachish British Museum and Israel Museum 192–199 I 12
Yavne-Yam ostracon An inscription 1 1960 Mesad Hashavyahu Israel Museum 200 I 10
Tel Qasile ostraca An inscription 2 1945–1946 Tel Qasile Israel Museum I 4
Hazor inscriptions 1956 800s BC Tel Hazor I 5
Wadi Murabba'at papyrus 1952 600s BC Wadi Murabba'at I 11
Arad ostraca An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1960s c.600 BC Tel Arad Bible Lands Museum I 13, II 31
Al Jib jar handles An inscription Шаблон:Sort 1956–1959 700s BC Al Jib Jordan Archaeological Museum and the Penn Museum I 14
Khirbet Beit Lei graffiti An inscription 7 1961 400s BC Khirbet Beit Lei Israel Museum I 15
Melqart stele An inscription 1 1939 Bureij National Museum of Aleppo 201 II 1
Stele of Zakkur An inscription 1 1903 Tell Afis Louvre 202 II 5
Hama graffiti 1931–38 Hama 203–213 II 6 I–V
Hadad Statue An inscription 1 1890 700s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 214 440-2 61 II 13
Panamuwa II inscription An inscription 1 1888 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 215 442 62 II 14
Bar-Rakib inscriptions An inscription 8 1891 730s BC Sam'al Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin and Museum of the Ancient Orient 216–221 443, 444 63 II 15–17
Sefire steles An inscription 3 1930–1956 As-Safira National Museum of Damascus and National Museum of Beirut 222–224, 227 II 8–9, 22
Neirab steles An inscription 2 1891 600s BC Al-Nayrab Louvre 225–226 445 64–65 II 18–19
Tayma stones An inscription 21 1878–1884 300s–400s BC Tayma Louvre 228–230 II 113–115 447,1–3 69–70 II 30
Tell Halaf inscription An inscription 1 1933 Tell Halaf destroyed 231 II 10
Arslan Tash ivory inscription An inscription 1 1931 Arslan Tash Louvre 232 II 2
Assur ostracon and tablets An inscription 10 1903–1913 Assur Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin 233-6 II 20
Kesecek Köyü inscription An inscription 1 1915 Kesecek Köyü Peabody Museum of Natural History 258 II 33
Gözne Boundary Stone An inscription 1 1907 Gözne 259 II 34
Sardis bilingual inscription An inscription 1 1912 394 BC Sardis İzmir Archaeological Museum 260
Sarıaydın inscription An inscription 1 1892 400 BC Sarıaydın in situ 261 446a 68 II 35
Limyra bilingual An inscription 1 1840 Limyra 262 II 109 446b
Assyrian lion weights An inscription 1845–1860 800–500 BC Nimrud, Abydos (Hellespont) British Museum, Louvre 263 II 1–14, 108 446c 66-67
Farasa bilingual inscription An inscription 1 1900 In situ 265
Adon Papyrus An inscription 1 1942 Saqqara Egyptian Museum 266 II 21
Saqqara Aramaic Stele An inscription 1 1877 482 BC Saqqara destroyed 267 II 122 448a1 71 II 23
Serapeum Offering Table An inscription 1 1855 400 BC Saqqara Louvre 268 II 123 448a2 72
Carpentras Stela An inscription 1 1704 Carpentras Bibliothèque Inguimbertine 269 II 141 448b1 75 II 24
Elephantine papyri and ostraca An inscription 1815–1945 300s BC Elephantine various 270–271 II 137–139, 154–155 73–74 II 26, 28
Hermopolis Aramaic papyri An inscription 8 1936 400s BC Hermopolis Cairo University Archaeological Museum II 27
Abydos Aramaic papyrus An inscription 1 1964 400s BC unknown National Archaeological Museum of Madrid II 29
Blacas papyrus An inscription 1 1825 Saqqara British Library II 145 76
Turin Aramaic Papyrus An inscription 1 1823–24 Museo Egizio II 144
Ankh-Hapy stele An inscription 1 1860 525–404 BCE unknown Vatican Museums 272 II 142 448b2 II 7
Aramaic Inscription of Taxila An inscription 1 1915 Taxila Taxila Museum 273
Stele of Serapeitis An inscription 1 1940 Armazi Georgian National Museum 276
Pyrgi Tablets An inscription 3 1964 Pyrgi National Etruscan Museum 277 III 42
Bahadırlı 278 II 36
Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription An inscription 1 1958 Chil Zena National Museum of Afghanistan 279
Baalshillem Temple Boy An inscription 1 1963–1964 Sidon National Museum of Beirut 281 III 29
Sarepta Tanit Inscription An inscription Sarafand 285 [40]
Ekron Royal Dedicatory Inscription An inscription 1 1996 Tel Miqne Israel Museum 286
Çebel Ires Daǧı inscription An inscription 1 1980 Çebel Ires Daǧı Alanya Archaeological Museum 287
Kition KAI 288–290 Kition 288–290
Tekke Bowl Inscription (Knossos) 1,000s BCE Crete Heraklion Archaeological Museum (Χ4346) 291 [41][42]
Hellenistic Greek-Phoenician bilingual Kos 292 [43]
Demetrias inscription Demetrias 293
Seville statue of Astarte An inscription 1 1960–1962 700 BCE Seville Archeological Museum of Seville 294 III 16
Grotta Regina Punic inscriptions Sicily 295 [44][36]
Mozia Punic inscriptions Sicily 296–298 [45][36][46]
Temple of Antas Punic inscriptions Sardinia 299–301 [36][47]
Agrigentum inscription An inscription 1 1934 406 BCE Carthage 302 I 5510 [48]
Carthage Administration Inscription An inscription 1 1964 Carthage Carthage National Museum 303
El-Kerak Inscription An inscription 1 1958 Al-Karak Jordan Archaeological Museum 306 I 17
Amman Citadel Inscription An inscription 1 1961 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 307
Tel Siran inscription An inscription 1 1972 Amman Jordan Archaeological Museum 308
Hadad-yith'i bilingual inscription An inscription 1 1979 Tell Fekheriye National Museum of Damascus 309
Tel Dan Stele An inscription 1 1993 Tel Dan Israel Museum 310
Deir Alla Inscription An inscription 1 1967 Deir Alla Jordan Archaeological Museum 312
Tell Sheikh Hamad inscriptions 313–314 [49]
Tell Shiukh Fawqani inscription 1996 315 [50]
KAI 316 316 [51][52][53][54]
Aramaic Fugitive Decree 1971 Unknown 317 [55][56]
Daskyleion steles An inscription 1965 Dascylium Museum of the Ancient Orient 318 II 37
Letoon trilingual An inscription 1 1973 Xanthos Fethiye Museum 319
Bukan inscription 1985 Bukan 320 [57][58]
Çineköy inscription An inscription 1 1997 Çine, Yüreğir Adana Archaeology Museum [59][60]
Kuttamuwa stele An inscription 1 2008 Sam'al Gaziantep Archaeology Museum [61]
Nebi Yunis ostraca An inscription 1960s Nebi Yunis (Ashdod) II 32
Tel el Maskhuta silver bowls 1950s Tel el Maskhuta II 25
Luristan Aramaic inscriptions 1964 Luristan II 11–12
Tel Dan bowl 1960s Tel Dan II 4
Ein Gev jar 1961 Ein Gev II 3
Ataruz altar inscriptions 2010 c. 800 BCE Khirbat Ataruz [62]
Ishbaal Inscription An inscription 2012 1020–980 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa [63]
Khirbet Qeiyafa ostracon An inscription 1 2009 c. 1000 BCE Khirbet Qeiyafa Israel Museum [64]
Hashub Inscription An inscription 1957 400s BCE Tel Zeton Old Jaffa Museum of Antiquities [65]
Cadiz Phoenician inscription 1961 Instituto Valencia of Don Juan 71 [66]
Ibiza Phoenician inscriptions 1923 Archaeological Museum of Alicante 72 [67]
Tripolitania Punic inscriptions An inscription 1806 Leptis Magna, Breviglieri, other 118–132 R 662 434, B-a
Bithia inscription 1933 Sardinia 173
Sirte inscription 1928 Sirte 180
Hatran Aramaic inscriptions An inscription 1951 Hatra 237–257 [68][69]
Arebsun inscription 1895 Afşin Museum of the Ancient Orient 264 [70]
Lake Sivan inscriptions 1906 Armenia 274–275
KAI 136 (Neopunic) 1955 Tunisia 136
Bur Tlelsa Neopunic inscription 1914 Tunisia 138
Jebel Massoudj Neopunic inscription 1940 Tunisia 141 [71][72]
Henchir Guergour Neopunic inscriptions An inscription 1882 Tunisia 143–144
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ Neopunic inscriptions An inscription 1884 Algeria 165
Djinet Neopunic inscriptions 1952 Algeria 170
Zattara Neopunic inscriptions 1916 Algeria 171
Hazael horse frontlet An inscription 1 1984 800 BCE Samos Archaeological Museum of Vathi 311
Bactria Aramaic documents An inscription 1993–2002 353–324 BCE Bactria Khalili Collections
Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription An inscription 1 1932 c.260 BCE Afghanistan in situ
Aramaic inscription of Laghman An inscription 1 1970 c.260 BCE Afghanistan in situ
Palmyra Tariff An inscription 1 1881 100s CE Palmyra Hermitage Museum
Tablet De Geest 1 2000 200s CE Socotra in situ

Bibliography

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journalШаблон:Self-published inline
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book Quote: "Nearly two hundred years later the repertory of Phoenician-Punic epigraphy counts about 10.000 inscriptions from throughout the Mediterranean and its environs."
  16. ↑ Rollig, 1983
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Rollig, 1983, "The Phoenician-Punic vocabulary attested to date amounts to some 668 words, some of which occur frequently. Among these are 321 hapax legomena and about 15 foreign or loan words. In comparison with Hebrew with around 7000–8000 words and 1500 hapax legomena (8), the number is remarkable."
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Clermont-Ganneau, 1899, Archaeological Researches In Palestine 1873–1874, Vol 1, p.305: "I may observe, by the way, that the discovery of these two texts was made long before that of the inscription in the tunnel, and therefore, though people in general do not seem to recognise this fact, it was the first which enabled us to behold an authentic specimen of Hebrew monumental epigraphy of the period of the Kings of Judah."
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ Rollig, 1983, "This increase of textual material can be easily appreciated when one looks at the first independent grammar of Phoenician, P.SCHRODER'S Die phonizische Sprache Entuurf einer Grammatik, Halle 1869, which appeared just over 110 years ago. There on pp. 47–72 all the texts known at the time are listed — 332 of them. Today, if we look at CIS Pars I, the incompleteness of which we scarcely need mention, we find 6068 texts."
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ KAI 283, 15 legible lines, left side damaged
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ KAI 284, 21 inscriptions, few words
  32. ↑ AO 4831
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ 36,00 36,01 36,02 36,03 36,04 36,05 36,06 36,07 36,08 36,09 36,10 36,11 36,12 36,13 36,14 36,15 36,16 ICO: Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ Pritchard J.B., The Tanit Inscription from Sarepta, in H.G. Niemeyer (ed.), Phönizier im Westen (Madrider Beiträge 8), Mainz am Rhein, 1982, 83-92. Amadasi Guzzo M. G., Two Phoenician Inscriptions Carved in Ivory: Again the Ur Box and the Sarepta Plaque, Orientalia 59/1, 1990, 58-66.
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  42. ↑ Bourogiannis, Giorgos. The Phoenician presence in the Aegean during the Early Iron Age: Trade, settlement and cultural interaction, Rivista di Studi Fenici 46, 2018, p. 63.
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  46. ↑ https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1611No. 23 = KAI 296 No. 24 = KAI 297 No. 31 = KAI 298 Amadasi Guzzo M.G., Scavi a Mozia - Le iscrizioni, Rome 1986
  47. ↑ https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/1660n.1 in Garbini G., Le iscrizioni fenicie, in R. Zucca (ed.), Il tempio del Sardus Pater ad Antas, Rome, 2019, 67-86
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  49. ↑ TelShHa 3 and TelShHa 5
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  51. ↑ Bordreuil, Pierre, "Une tablette araméenne inédite de 635 av. J.-C.." Sem 23 (1973): 95–102 + pls. I-V.
  52. ↑ Fales, Frederick Mario, "Sulla tavoletta aramaica A.O. 25.341." AION 36 (1976): 541–47.
  53. ↑ Kaufman, Stephen A., "An Assyro-Aramaic egirtu ša Šulmu." Pp. 119–27 In Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein. Ellis, M. de Jong, ed. Hamden, Ct.: Archon, 1977.
  54. ↑ Wesselius, J.W., "A Document Concerning the Sustenance of a Mother by Her Sons." AION 45 (1985): 506–8.
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  56. ↑ J.W. Wesselius, ‘The Aramaic Decree about Fugitives Reconsidered’, in E. Talstra (ed.), Narrative and Comment:Contributions to Discourse Grammar and Biblical Hebrew presented to Wolfgang Schneider(Amsterdam: Societas Hebraica Amstelodamensis,1995), pp.199–209(p.201)
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  58. ↑ https://base-map-polytheisms.huma-num.fr/source/2347Lemaire A., Une inscription araméenne du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. trouvée à Bukân (Azebaïdjan Iranien), Sudia Iranica 27, 1998, 15-30.
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  66. ↑ Sefarad journalШаблон:Full citation needed
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
    Шаблон:Cite journal
    Шаблон:Cite journal
  68. ↑ Series of articles in the journal Sumer
  69. ↑ Aggoula B., Inventaire des inscriptions hatréennes, Paris, 1991. Beyer K., Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Ḥatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien (datiert 44 v.Chr. bis 238 n.Chr.), Göttingen, 1998. Healey, J., Aramaic Inscriptions & Documents of the Roman Period, (Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, Volume IV), Oxford, 2009.
  70. ↑ Smirnov, 1895
  71. ↑ Note sur l'inscription punique d'une borne limite découverte en Tunisie
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions&oldid=13749177