Английская Википедия:Canadian raising

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Файл:Canadian raising on a vowel chart.svg

A simplified diagram of Canadian raising Шаблон:Harvcol. Actual starting points vary.

Canadian raising (also sometimes known as English diphthong raising) is an allophonic rule of phonology in many varieties of North American English that changes the pronunciation of diphthongs with open-vowel starting points. Most commonly, the shift affects Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAc-en, or both, when they are pronounced before voiceless consonants (therefore, in words like price and clout, respectively, but not in prize and cloud). In North American English, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA usually begin in an open vowel [[[:Шаблон:IPA link]]~Шаблон:IPA link], but through raising they shift to Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink. Canadian English often has raising in words with both Шаблон:IPAc-en (height, life, psych, type, etc.) and Шаблон:IPAc-en (clout, house, south, scout, etc.), while a number of American English varieties (such as Inland North, Western New England, and increasingly more General American accents) have this feature in Шаблон:IPAc-en but not Шаблон:IPAc-en. It is thought to have originated in Canada in the late 19th century.

In the U.S., aboot Шаблон:IPA, an exaggerated version of the raised pronunciation of about Шаблон:IPA, is a stereotype of Canadian English.Шаблон:Sfn

Although the symbol Шаблон:Angle bracket is defined as an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the International Phonetic Alphabet, Шаблон:Angle bracket or Шаблон:Angle bracket may signify any raised vowel that contrasts with unraised Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAc-en, when the exact quality of the raised vowel is not important in the given context.

Description

Phonetic environment

In general, Canadian raising affects vowels before voiceless consonants like Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en, and Шаблон:IPAc-en. Vowels before voiced consonants like Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en, Шаблон:IPAc-en, and Шаблон:IPAc-en are usually not raised.

However, several studies indicate that this rule is not completely accurate, and have attempted to formulate different rules.

A study of three speakers in Meaford, Ontario, showed that pronunciation of the diphthong Шаблон:IPAc-en fell on a continuum between raised and unraised. Raising is influenced by voicing of the following consonant, but it may also be influenced by the sound before the diphthong. Frequently the diphthong was raised when preceded by a coronal: in gigantic, dinosaur, and Siberia.Шаблон:Sfn

Raising before Шаблон:IPA, as in wire, iris, and fire, has been documented in some American accents.Шаблон:Sfn

Raising of Шаблон:IPA before certain voiced consonants is most prominent in the Inland North, Western New England, and Philadelphia.Шаблон:Sfn It has been noted to occur before Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA especially. Hence, words like tiny, spider, cider, tiger, dinosaur, cyber-, beside, idle (but sometimes not idol), and fire may contain a raised nucleus. (Also note that in six of those nine words, Шаблон:IPA is preceded by a coronal consonant; see above paragraph. In five [or possibly six] of those nine words, the syllable after the syllable with Шаблон:IPA contains a liquid.) The use of Шаблон:IPA rather than Шаблон:IPA in such words is unpredictable from phonetic environment alone, though it may have to do with their acoustic similarity to other words that do contain Шаблон:IPA before a voiceless consonant, per the traditional Canadian-raising system. Hence, some researchers have argued that there has been a phonemic split in these dialects; the distribution of the two sounds is becoming more unpredictable among younger speakers.Шаблон:Sfn

Raising can apply to compound words. Hence, the first vowel in high school Шаблон:IPA as a term meaning "a secondary school for students approximately 14–18 years old" may be raised, whereas high school Шаблон:IPA with the literal meaning of "a school that is high (e.g. in elevation)" is unaffected. (The two terms are also distinguished by the position of the stress accent, as shown.) The same is true of "high chair".Шаблон:Sfn

However, frequently it does not. One study of speakers in Rochester, New York and Minnesota found a very inconsistent pattern of Шаблон:IPA raising before voiceless consonants in certain prefixes; for example, the numerical prefix bi- was raised in bicycle but not bisexual or bifocals. Likewise, the vowel was consistently kept low when used in a prefix in words like dichotomy and anti-Semitic. This pattern may have to do with stress or familiarity of the word to the speaker; however, these relations are still inconsistent.Шаблон:Sfn

In most dialects of North American English, intervocalic Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are pronounced as an alveolar flap Шаблон:IPA when the following vowel is unstressed or word-initial, a phenomenon known as flapping. In accents with both flapping and Canadian raising, Шаблон:IPAc-en or Шаблон:IPAc-en before a flapped Шаблон:IPA may still be raised, even though the flap is a voiced consonant. Hence, while in accents without raising, writer and rider are pronounced differently as a result of a slight difference in vowel length due to pre-fortis clipping, in accents with raising, the words may be distinguished by their vowels: writer Шаблон:IPA, rider Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfn

Result

The raised variant of Шаблон:IPAc-en typically becomes Шаблон:IPA. In most of Canada, the raised vowel is further front than Шаблон:IPAc-en, and in traditional New York City English, Шаблон:IPAc-en is backed towards Шаблон:IPA except before voiceless consonants, resulting in a distinction based more on frontness,Шаблон:Citation needed but in Philadelphia it may be more back.Шаблон:Sfn

The raised variant of Шаблон:IPAc-en varies by dialect, with Шаблон:IPA more common in Western Canada and a fronted variant Шаблон:IPA commonly heard in Central Canada.Шаблон:Sfn In any case, the open vowel component of the diphthongs changes to a mid vowel (Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink or Шаблон:IPAblink).

Geographic distribution

Inside Canada

As its name implies, Canadian raising is found throughout most of Canada, though the exact phonetic quality of Canadian raising may differ throughout the country. In raised Шаблон:IPAc-en, the first element tends to be farther back in Quebec and the Canadian Prairies and Maritimes (particularly in Alberta): thus, Шаблон:IPA. The first element tends to be the farthest forward in eastern and southern Ontario: thus, Шаблон:IPA. Newfoundland English is the Canadian dialect that participates least in any conditioned Canadian raising, while Vancouver English may lack the raising of Шаблон:IPAc-en in particular.Шаблон:Sfn

Outside Canada

Canadian raising is not restricted to Canada. Raising of both Шаблон:IPAc-en and Шаблон:IPAc-en is common in eastern New England, for example in some Boston accents (the former more likely than the latter),Шаблон:Sfn as well as in the Upper Midwest. South Atlantic English, New Orleans English, and the accents of England's Fens feature it as well.Шаблон:Clarify

Raising of just Шаблон:IPAc-en is found in a much greater number of dialects in the United States; some researchers have begun to refer to raising of Шаблон:IPAc-en without raising of Шаблон:IPAc-en as American Raising.Шаблон:Sfn This phenomenon is most consistently found in the Inland North, the Upper Midwest, New England, New York City, and the mid-Atlantic areas of Pennsylvania (including Philadelphia), Maryland, and Delaware, as well as in Virginia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn It is somewhat less common in the lower Midwest, the West, and the South. However, there is considerable variation in the raising of Шаблон:IPAc-en, and it can be found inconsistently throughout the United States.Шаблон:Sfn

The raising of Шаблон:IPAc-en is also present in Ulster English, spoken in the northern region of the island of Ireland, in which Шаблон:IPAc-en is split between the sound Шаблон:IPA (before voiced consonants or in final position) and the sound Шаблон:IPA (before voiceless consonants but also sometimes in any position); phonologist Raymond Hickey has described this Ulster raising as "embryonically the situation" for Canadian raising.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

• Canadian Shift
• North American English regional phonology
• North-Central American English

Bibliography

• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite conference
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book