Английская Википедия:Canadian war memorials
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Canadian war memorials are buildings, monuments, and statues that commemorate the armed actions in the territory encompassing modern Canada, the role of the Canadian military in conflicts and peacekeeping operations, and Canadians who died or were injured in a war. Much of this military history of Canada is commemorated today with memorials across the country and around the world. Canadian memorials commemorate the sacrifices made as early as the Seven Years' War to the modern day War on Terror. As Newfoundland was a British Dominion until joining Confederation in 1949, there are several monuments in Newfoundland and Labrador and abroad which were dedicated to Newfoundland servicemen and women.
There are currently 6,293 war memorials in Canada registered with the National Inventory of Military Memorials, which is under the Canadian Department of Veterans Affairs.[1] There are also war memorials across the world, some of which are operated by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, which are dedicated to Canada as well as the Commonwealth members. There currently are 17 in France, six in Belgium, four in the United Kingdom, two in Afghanistan and South Korea, and one each in Egypt, Hong Kong, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Singapore, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates.
There are few examples of memorial art created by Indigenous peoples before the late nineteenth century. One of the best-preserved memorials is in Áísínai’pi, or Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, in southern Alberta. This UNESCO World Heritage Site houses an extensive series of small-scale petroglyphs incised on the sandstone bluffs of the Milk River, a number of them dating to thousands of years ago.[2]
War memorials in Canada
Colonial period
There exists a number of memorials commemorating events that occurred prior to Canadian Confederation in 1867. In addition to pre-Confederation war memorials, a number of communities in Ontario also have cannons originating from the Crimean War.[3][4][5] However, these cannons are war trophies gifted to various communities in Upper Canada after the conflict; and do not serve as a memorial. Prior to the twentieth century, Canadian memorials were dedicated to great leaders and victories, not the named deaths of ordinary service personnel.[2]
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Battle Hill Monument | Файл:Battle Hill NHS.jpg | Southwest Middlesex, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the Battle of Longwoods, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Cook's Mill Monument | Файл:Battle of Cook's Mills monument.jpg | Cooks Mill, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the Battle of Cook's Mill, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Crysler's Farm Monument | Файл:Memorial, Battle of Crysler's Farm.jpg | Morrisburg, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to those who fought and died in the victory at Crysler's Farm. |
| Battle of Eccles Hill Monument | Файл:Monument eccles hill invasion fenians.jpg | Frelighsburg, Quebec | Commemorates the Battle of Eccles Hill, fought during the Fenian raids. | |
| Battle of Lundy's Lane Monument | Файл:Lundy's Lane Monument.jpg | Niagara Falls, Ontario | Dedicated in 1895, the monument commemorates members of the British Army and Canadian militia during the Battle of Lundy's Lane. | |
| Battle of Trois-Rivières Monument | Файл:Monument de la bataille de Trois-Rivières 02.JPG | Trois-Rivières, Quebec | Commemorates the British and Canadian soldiers who fought at the Battle of Trois-Rivières during the American Revolutionary War. | |
| British Empire Loyalist Cairn | Файл:United Empire Loyalist Cairn, Wascana Park, Regina, Saskatchewan.jpg | Regina, Saskatchewan | Dedicated to American settlers and the United Empire Loyalists who sided with the British during the American Revolutionary War. | |
| Brock's Monument | Файл:Brock's Monument 2015.JPG | Queenston, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Major General Isaac Brock, one of Canada's heroes of the War of 1812. |
| Canadian Volunteer Monument | Файл:FenianMonument-UofTCampusToronto-NorthFace-July5-08.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Honours University of Toronto student volunteers who fell during the Battle of Ridgeway Lime Ridge, or died of wounds received in action or from disease contracted in service while defending her frontier in June 1866. |
| Defence of York Monument | Файл:Defence of York Monument.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | In memory of officers, non-commissioned officers and men who were killed or died of wounds defending York (present-day Toronto). |
| James Wolfe Monument | Файл:Wolfe memorial.jpg | Quebec City, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to General James Wolfe, remembered chiefly for his victory over the French, and establishing British rule in Canada. |
| Liverpool Memorial Cairn | Liverpool, Nova Scotia | Highlights the role of privateers from the area during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. | ||
| Monument aux Braves | Файл:Avenue des Braves monument.JPG | Quebec City, Quebec | Commemorates the Battle of Sainte-Foy, fought during the Seven Years' War. | |
| Peace Arch | Файл:Peacearch-usside.jpg | Surrey, British Columbia | 49°0′7.66″N | Monument commemorates the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. Situated on the Canada–United States border, the Arch lies between the communities of Surrey, British Columbia, and Blaine Washington. |
| Royal Navy and Provincial Marine Memorial | Kingston, Ontario | Dedicated to the officers and seamen of the Royal Navy and the Provincial Marine who served in Lake Ontario during the War of 1812. | ||
| Stoney Creek Battlefield Memorial | Файл:Stoney Creek Battlefield Monument.jpg | Hamilton, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the victory at the Battle of Stoney Creek, fought during the War of 1812. |
| Sebastopol Monument | Файл:Welsford-Parker Monument at the entrance to the Old Burying Ground in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.jpg | Halifax, Nova Scotia | Шаблон:Coord | Forth oldest war monument in Canada and the only Crimean War monument in North America. |
| United Empire Loyalist Memorial | Tusket, Nova Scotia | Dedicated to the United Empire Loyalists who settled the area during, or after the American Revolutionary War. | ||
| Wolfe and Montcalm Obelisk | Файл:Wolfe and Montcalm Obelisk.jpg | Quebec City, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Oldest war monument in Canada. Commemorates Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and James Wolfe, the French and British commanders of the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. |
| War of 1812 Monument, Ottawa | Файл:War of 1812 Monument.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Monument commemorating diverse contributions to the defence of Canada during the War of 1812 | |
| War of 1812 Monument, Toronto | Файл:Couplandart.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the successful defence of British North America against American forces in the War of 1812[6] |
North-West Rebellion and the Boer War
First and Second World Wars
The war memorial sculptors at work in Canada in the years following the First World War include: Emanuel Hahn, George W. Hill, Frank Norbury, Walter Allward, Hamilton MacCarthy, Coeur de Lion MacCarthy, Alfred Howell, Sydney March, Elizabeth Wyn Wood, Henri Hebert, J. Massey Rhind, Hubert Garnier, Nicholas Pirotton, Charles Adamson, Frances Loring, and Ivor Lewis.
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albert Memorial Bridge | Файл:Bridgedam.jpg | Regina, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Honours Saskatchewan soldiers who died in World War I. |
| Animals in War Memorial / Les animaux en temps de guerre | Файл:Animal Memorial2.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | A memorial by David Clendining to animals (mainly mules, horse, dogs, pigeons) that have served for Canada in military conflicts since World War I and is located in Confederation Park |
| Ashburnham Memorial Park | Файл:Ashburnham Memorial Park.jpg | Peterborough, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Memorial to the men of Peterborough who died in the First World War. |
| Bronze Angel | Файл:Bronze Angel - Vancouver - Coeur Lyon MacCarthy.png | Montreal, Quebec; Vancouver, British Columbia (pictured); Winnipeg, Manitoba |
"Bronze Angel", by sculptor, Coeur Lion MacCarthy, war memorial depicts the angel of victory raising up a young soldier to heaven at the moment of his death, 1921 commemorates 1,115 Canadian Pacific Railway employees killed during the First World War erected at the Canadian Pacific Railway stations.[11] | |
| Camp X Memorial | Файл:CampX.jpg | Whitby Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Honours the men and women of Camp X who served during the Second World War. |
| CANLOAN Memorial | Ottawa, Ontario | Dedicated to Canadian military officers loaned to the British Army under the CANLOAN program during the Second World War.[12] | ||
| Coronation Park Memorial | Файл:Coronation Park memorial Toronto 2007.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to those who served in the Second World War. Erected in 1995 as a part of the 50th anniversary commemorations of the Second World War. | |
| Cremation Memorial | Файл:Beechwood Cemetery War Memorial.JPG | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | A sheltered space in the National Cemetery of Canada that honours the memory of Canadian servicemen who died in Canada and the United States and who were cremated.[11] |
| Cross of Sacrifice | Файл:Croix du Sacrifice - 01.jpg | Quebec City, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to those who died in the First World War, the Second World War, and the Korean War, |
| Great War Memorial | Файл:Great War Memorial Niagara Falls Canada.jpg | Niagara Falls, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Memorial to those who died in the First and Second World Wars. |
| Halifax Memorial | Файл:Halifax memorial.jpg | Halifax, Nova Scotia | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the Canadian servicemen and women who died at sea during both World Wars and includes the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Merchant Navy and the Canadian Army. |
| Harbord War Memorials | Toronto, Ontario | Located on the grounds of Harbord Collegiate Institute, a public secondary school, it includes two sculptures. The first sculpture was erected in 1921 and was dedicated to those who served in the First World War; and a second sculpture dedicated to those who served in the Second World War, completed in 2007. | ||
| Law Society of Upper Canada Great War Memorial | Файл:War Memorial - Great Library, Osgoode Hall - Toronto, Canada - DSC00425.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to the 115 lawyers and law students of the Law Society of Upper Canada during the First World War. Located in the Great Library of Osgoode Hall. | |
| Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial | Файл:Statue at Confederation Garden Court, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 07.jpg | Victoria, British Columbia | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War. |
| Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Memorial | Файл:Mac-pap monument ottawa.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Canadian volunteers of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion during the Spanish Civil War. |
| Malvern Memorial | Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to the students of Malvern Collegiate Institute that served in the First World War. Malvern Collegiate Institute is a public secondary school. | ||
| Memorial Clock Tower | Wainwright, Alberta | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the local men who fought and died in both World Wars. | |
| Memorial Gates | Файл:UofSMemorialGates.jpg | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Military memorial which is a part of the University of Saskatchewan. |
| Montreal Cenotaph | Файл:Path to Place du Canada.JPG | Montreal, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Montrealers who died in the First World War. |
| Montreal Clock Tower | Файл:Montreal Clock Tower portrait.JPG | Montreal, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Canadian naval sailors who died during the First World War. |
| Monument des Braves | Shawinigan, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates those who died in the First World War, and Second World War | |
| National War Memorial | Файл:Newfoundland National War Memorial.jpg | St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador | Шаблон:Coord | Memorial for soldiers who served with the Dominion of Newfoundland during the First World War. |
| Ottawa Memorial | Файл:Ottawa Memorial Cropped.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to missing airmen of the Second World War. Sometimes known as the Commonwealth Air Force Monument. |
| Peace through Valour | Файл:Peace Through Valour.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Dedicated to members of the Canadian Forces who served in the Italian campaign of the Second World War. The sculpture features a 3D-topographical map of Ortona, site of the Battle of Ortona. Located within the sculpture garden of Nathan Phillips Square. | |
| Renfrew War Memorial | Файл:Renfrew War Memorial.jpg | Renfrew, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorated to residents of Renfrew who served in the First World War and Second World War. |
| Royal Canadian Naval Association Naval Memorial | Файл:WWII Navy Memorial in Spencer Smith Park in Burlington, Ontario.jpg | Burlington, Ontario | Dedicated to members of the Royal Canadian Navy and the Canadian Merchant Navy. | |
| Saint-Lambert Cenotaph by Emanuel Hahn | Файл:Saint-Lambert Cenotaph 2014.jpg | Saint-Lambert, Quebec | Dedicated to citizens of Saint-Lambert who fought in the First World War | |
| Saskatoon Cenotaph | Файл:The Saskatoon Cenotaph.jpg | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Designed by Francis Henry Portnall (1928), this tall granite plinth incorporating a public clock face is a part of the City Hall Square.[13] though it was originally located in the middle of the intersection of 21st Street and 2nd Avenue[14] |
| Sherbrooke War Memorial | Файл:Monument aux braves, Sherbrooke - 5.jpg | Sherbrooke, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to citizens of Sherbrooke who fought in the First World War |
| Soldiers' Tower | Файл:WWTower-in-university-of-toronto.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates members of the University of Toronto who served in the World Wars. |
| Victory Square | Файл:War Memorial Victory Square Vancouver.jpg | Vancouver, British Columbia | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Vancouverites who served in the First World War. |
| Vimy Memorial Bandshell | Файл:Vimy Memorial Bandshell.jpg | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | The Vimy Memorial Bandshell in Kiwanis Park was built in 1937 to honour the men and women that served in the First World War at the Battle of Vimy Ridge.[15] |
| War Memorial of Montreal West | Файл:Montreal West - War Memorial.jpg | Montreal, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Honours those from the town of Montreal West who died in the First World War[16] |
1945 – present
Generic war memorials
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 48th Highlanders Memorial | Файл:War memorial in Queens Park.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to those who served with the Canadian forces, erected by the 48th Highlanders of Canada. |
| Bruce Park Cenotaph | Файл:Bruce Park Cenotaph.JPG | Winnipeg, Manitoba | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the memory of those who died in the First World War, the Second World War, Korea, and to Canadian peacekeepers. |
| Calgary Soldiers' Memorial | Calgary, Alberta | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Calgarian soldiers who have given their lives in war and military service overseas. | |
| East and West Memorial Buildings | Файл:The Canadian Phalanx.JPG | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to all Canadians who served in war. The building houses the Department of Veteran Affairs. |
| Flesherton Cenotaph | Файл:Cenotaph Flesherton Ontario.jpg | Flesherton, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Honouring the local men who enlisted for the First and Second World Wars and did not return. |
| Garden of the Unforgotten | Файл:Oshawa War Memorial.jpg | Oshawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the servicemen of Oshawa who lost their lives during the First World War, Second World War and the Korean War |
| Monument aux braves de N.D.G. | Montreal, Quebec | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the combatants who died during the First and Second World Wars and the Korean War. | |
| National Aboriginal Veterans Monument | Файл:Aboriginal War Veterans monument.JPG | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Inuit and Métis) who served with the Canadian forces during armed conflicts. |
| National Artillery Monument | Ottawa, Ontario | Dedicated to those killed while serving in the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery. A 25-pounder gun used by the regiment during the Second World War is situated next to the marble memorial.[22] | ||
| Next of Kin Memorial Avenue | Файл:MemorialAvenueSaskatoon.jpg | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Memorial for the First World War and ensuing wars. |
| Old City Hall Cenotaph | Файл:Toronto Cenotaph.JPG | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Torontonians who lost their lives during the First World War, Second World War and the Korean War. |
| Ontario Veterans Memorial | Файл:Ontario Veterans Memorial.JPG | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the Canadian military who served from the Fenian raids to the Campaign Against Terror.[23] |
| Memorial Chamber | Файл:Memorial Chamber Windows.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Located in the Peace Tower, it holds all eight volumes of the Books of Remembrance, recording every Canadian killed in service, from Canada's first overseas campaign, the Nile Expedition, to the present. The eighth book was added to the Memorial Chamber in 2019, commemorating some 1,600 Canadians and First Nation Crown allies who died in service during the War of 1812. |
| Peacekeeping Monument | Файл:Reconciliation- The Peacekeeping Monument, Ottawa.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates Canadian soldiers who served, or are currently serving in United Nations peacekeeping missions. |
| Per ardua ad astra | Файл:Per Ardua Ad Astra University Avenue.jpg | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Canadian airmen who fought. |
| Saskatchewan War Memorial | Файл:Saskatchewan War Memorial.jpg | Regina, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Honours those who died in WWI, WWII, Korean War, military training, peacetime operations, nurses who served, including a plaque honouring Saskatchewan War Brides who married Canadian service men. |
| Scarborough War Memorial | Toronto, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorating the soldiers from Scarborough who died in World War I, World War II and Korean War. | |
| Regina Cenotaph | Файл:Victoria park cenotaph.jpg | Regina, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Honour those Regina citizens who served in the First, the Second and the Korean Wars. |
| The Response – Canadian National War Memorial | Файл:War Memorial Guards Ottawa.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the Canadian participation and its soldiers fallen in armed conflict. |
| Royal Canadian Navy Monument | Файл:Royal Canadian Navy Monument sail.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the men and women who have served or are serving with the Royal Canadian Navy. |
| Shaunavon War Memorial | Файл:Memorial Park, SK.jpg | Shaunavon, Saskatchewan | Шаблон:Coord | Designed by Francis Henry Portnall (1926) to honour those citizens who served in the War[24] |
| Tomb of the Unknown Soldier | Файл:Unknown Soldier.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to all the unidentified Canadian soldiers and is part of the National War Memorial. |
| Trenton Cenotaph | Файл:Trenton Cenotaph.JPG | Trenton, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to all Canadians fallen in conflict |
| Valiants Memorial | Файл:Valiants memorial west.jpg | Ottawa, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorating fourteen signal figures from the military history of the country, from French colonial rule, to the Second World War. |
| London Cenotaph | Файл:LondonOntarioCenotaph.jpg | London, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the local soldiers who died during the First, the Second and the Korean Wars. |
| Thunder Bay Cenotaph | Файл:Cenotaph 2006 10 01 04.JPG | Thunder Bay, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Commemorates the local soldiers who died during the First, the Second and the Korean Wars. |
| Welland-Crowland War Memorial | Файл:Welland-Crowland War Memorial in Welland Ontario 2.jpg | Welland, Ontario | Шаблон:Coord | Designed by Elizabeth Wyn Wood, commemorates not only the war dead but also those who served at home. |
War memorials overseas
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Canada Memorial | Файл:Canadian War Memorial - geograph.org.uk - 1176582.jpg | Green Park, London, England | Шаблон:Coord | Pays tribute to the nearly one million Canadian men and women who served in the United Kingdom during the First and Second World Wars. |
First World War
Second World War – present
| Memorial name | Image | Location | Map | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gapyeong Canada Monument | Файл:Gapyeong Canada Monument.jpg | Gapyeong County, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to the sacrifices made by the Canadian forces during the Korean war, especially at the Battle of Kapyong. |
| Kandahar Airfield Memorial and Memorial Inuksuk | Kandahar, Afghanistan | Шаблон:Coord | The Airfield Memorial is dedicated to Canadians who have fallen in the War in Afghanistan and the Inuksuk to those Canadians, as well as other coalition members who were killed in fighting in Afghanistan. | |
| Malta Memorial | Файл:Floriana War Memorial.jpg | Floriana, Malta | Шаблон:Coord | Dedicated to Commonwealth aircrew (including Canadians) who fought, and lost their lives, in the Mediterranean during the Second World War. |
| Monument to Canadian Fallen (Korean War Monument) | United Nations Memorial Cemetery Busan, South Korea |
Шаблон:Coord | Located where 378 Canadians are buried. An identical monument is in downtown Ottawa.[25] | |
| National Canadian Liberation Monument | Файл:Nationaal Canadees Bevrijdingsmonument Henk Visch Loolaan Apeldoorn.JPG | Apeldoorn, Netherlands | Celebrating the liberation of the Netherlands by Canadians, featuring the sculpture Man with Two Hats, identical to one in Ottawa. |
Legacy
The 31 paintings of Canadian War Memorials by F.A. (Tex) Dawson were unveiled just outside Currie Hall in the Mackenzie Building at Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston on Wednesday 7 April 2010. Jack Pike, the chairman of the Royal Military College of Canada Museum's board of directors, said they had found a permanent and appropriate home. "We are delighted to have these paintings," he said in front of the assemblage of paintings, each representing a different memorial in a different setting and different seasons. "These are symbolic of sacrifice and remembrance and they do the whole thing so well."[26]
See also
- Canadian War Museum
- List of Canadian Victoria Cross recipients
- List of Royal Military College of Canada Memorials and traditions
- List of conflicts in Canada
References
Further reading
External links
- Memorials to Canadians' Achievements & Sacrifices
- National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials (NICMM)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Saskatoon Cenotaph Шаблон:Webarchive
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Vimy Memorial, Kiwanis Park, Saskatoon Sask.
- ↑ War Memorial of Montréal West
- ↑ Camp Mirage Memorial
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Canadian Veterans And Peacekeepers Permanently Honoured On The Grounds Of Queen's Park
- ↑ Memorial Park and Cenotaph 390 1st Street East
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
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