Английская Википедия:Canal Mauri

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Файл:Txu-oclc-224300691-se19-6.jpg

Map of the general region, with the canal shown in the centre

Canal Mauri is a canal in Peru and Chile.Шаблон:Sfn It transfers water from the Mauri River watershed and transfers it into the Caplina River for irrigation purposes. An earlier canal Canal Uchusuma was constructed in the early 19th century and was replaced by the Canal Mauri. This canal collects water from several tributaries of the Mauri River (notably the Uchusuma River) and diverts it through Chilean territory into the Quebrada Vilavilani, a tributary of the Caplina River; from there it is later diverted for irrigation purposes in the Tacna region.

The diversion has damaged wetlands in the region and consequently the expansion project "Vilavilani II" - which would take additional water directly from the Mauri River - has engendered opposition.

Name

The canal is known in Peruvian sources as Canal Uchusuma, but also as Azucarero,Шаблон:Sfn Alto UchusumaШаблон:Sfn or Canal Uchusuma Alto.Шаблон:Sfn Canal Uchusuma is also the name of a canal near Tacna,Шаблон:Sfn which starts on the Quebrada Vilavilani at Chuschuco;Шаблон:Sfn this canal is also known as Canal Uchusuma Bajo.Шаблон:Sfn The Patapujo Canal is for parts of its path also known as Chuapalca-Uchusuma.

Hydrology

According to measurements taken in the years 1936–1956, the amount of water transferred was about Шаблон:Convert through both the Canal Mauri and Canal Uchusuma; further measurements in 1952-1972 indicated a yield of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn A publication in 2012 estimated a yield of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

The amount of water withdrawn from the Uchusuma River is large enough that the river only reaches the Mauri during wet periods when the capacity of the diversion is exceeded.Шаблон:Sfn This has also resulted in damage to the wetlands that are located along the Uchusuma,Шаблон:Sfn as well as complaints by the Bolivian government.

Path

Canal Mauri is a transbasin diversion that transports water from the Lake Titicaca watershed to the Pacific slope.Шаблон:Sfn The construction of the canals was facilitated by the gentle terrain of the Mauri River valley.Шаблон:Sfn Other infrastructure associated with the Canal Mauri are the reservoirs Paucarani (Шаблон:Convert) and Condorpico (Шаблон:Convert); they store water for Tacna and the valleyШаблон:Sfn and regulate water flows in the Uchusuma River. Laguna Casiri is an additional reservoir in the system.

A series of diversion dams on the Quebrada Casillaco, Quebrada Chungará, Quebrada IñumaШаблон:Sfn of the Kallapuma River basin (a tributary of the Mauri)Шаблон:Sfn are the source of the Шаблон:Convert long Patapujo II canal, whose final part has a construction aimed to dissipate water energy. This canal in turn becomes the Шаблон:Convert Patapujo I canal, which also receives water from groundwater sources. These canals have capacities of Шаблон:Convert,Шаблон:Sfn they collect water from tributaries of the Mauri River to transfer it to the Uchusuma.Шаблон:Sfn In 2016 another canal named Calachaca was put into service for the same purpose, since the Patapujo canal was leaky. Another diversion on the Quebrada Queñuta collects its water separately in the Canal Queñuta and diverts it to the Uchusuma River.Шаблон:Sfn

The canal proper starts at a diversion damШаблон:Sfn on the Uchusuma River and runs for Шаблон:Convert (Шаблон:Convert of it through Chilean territory) in a rectangular canal.Шаблон:Sfn The Patapujo I canal joins it soon afterwards,Шаблон:Sfn and there are two gauging stations there.Шаблон:Sfn The path of the canal takes it through Chilean territory from Laguna Blanca along the Arica–La Paz railway southwestward between the mountains Tacora and Caracarani, close to the Canal Uchusuma. It turns around Tacora, crosses the Rio Azufre and ends close to the Peru-Chile border between the mountains Cerro Huaylillas and Cerro Tabajchuno (Paso Huaylillas SurШаблон:Sfn) into the Quebrada Vilavilani. It crosses the Cordillera Barroso through the Шаблон:Convert long Huaylillas Sur tunnel,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn the water then enters the Quebrada Vilavilani proper.Шаблон:Sfn The Canal Mauri has a capacity of Шаблон:Convert.Шаблон:Sfn

The Quebrada Vilavilani descends the Andes in southwestward direction, where it has several different names, and ends close to the city of Tacna into the Caplina River. There is a diversion on the Quebrada Vilavilani before it reaches the Caplina at Chuschuco,Шаблон:Sfn which gives rise to another canal also known as Canal Uchusuma.Шаблон:Sfn The water is taken from the Caplina at the Piedras Blancas and Calientes water intakes.

History

Already during Spanish colonial time plans were developed to use the waters of the Uchusuma for irrigation.Шаблон:Sfn After Chile had occupied what is now its northern territory and Peru's Tacna Department during the War of the Pacific, it examined the possibility of transferring water from the Mauri River into Tacna to enable irrigated agriculture. Construction of the canal finally began in 1921, over the objection of Bolivia which was concerned about navigation on the Desaguadero River (where the Mauri ends into) being impeded by the loss of water and water supply issues;Шаблон:Sfn Bolivia however succeeded insofar as the Mauri River itself was not diverted.Шаблон:Sfn In 1929, the Treaty of Lima transferred the canal and Tacna back to Peru, which thus became the owner of the system; further the treaty established that Peru had a right to maintain the parts of the canal that still laid in Chile.Шаблон:Sfn

An early proposal by the engineer Jorge Vargas Salcedo envisaged transferring Шаблон:Convert of water Шаблон:Convert from the Mauri to the Laguna BlancaШаблон:Sfn northwest of General Lagos on the present-day Peru-Chile border.Шаблон:Sfn Laguna Blanca would operate as a reservoir and receive additional waters through Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert long canals from the Uchusuma and Putani rivers, respectively. The plan projected that about Шаблон:Convert of land could be irrigated at a capital cost of Шаблон:Currency; the revenue from the irrigated land would be sufficient to offset the investment.Шаблон:Sfn

The Canal Uchusuma already existed since 1820; it intercepted water from the Uchusuma River.Шаблон:Sfn The Canal Mauri replaces the Uchusuma canal, but according to a report in 1977, the Canal Uchusuma is still used when the other canal is under maintenance.Шаблон:Sfn Groundwater wells were added to the system in 1970 and 1995.Шаблон:Sfn The Canal Patapujo became operative in 1992.Шаблон:Sfn In 2001 the canal Canal Mauri was modified to reduce seepage losses.Шаблон:Sfn Plans to expand the diversion system to the Mauri River itself hit opposition by Bolivia in 2009 and 2010.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1977 it was suggested that creating a reservoir in the Uchusuma River would increase the availability of water for the system, since the capacity of the Uchusuma diversion is limited and excess water flows past the diversion.Шаблон:Sfn The Electric Power Development Company as a consequence of a contract with the Peruvian government concluded in 1960 devised a plan to extend that canal to the Mauri by pumping water from a reservoir that was to be built on the Mauri, close to the border with Bolivia.Шаблон:Sfn The plan was shelved owing to the lack of information on the area and the opposition of the Bolivian government (the reservoir would have extended into Bolivian territory).Шаблон:Sfn

Current status

The Canal Mauri is currently a major source of water for the Tacna valley,Шаблон:Sfn and most of its water is used for irrigation. The regional aquifer is also recharged from the groundwater. Further plans published in 2015 envisaged the transfer of water directly from the Mauri River (at Villachaullani) to the Calachaca canal and from the Ojos de Copapujo springs by 2017 and from the Chiliculco River by 2019; this concept is known as "Vilavilani II".Шаблон:Sfn

Hydrological analysis of this concept (along with two planned reservoirs at Chuapalca and Chilicollpa)Шаблон:Sfn suggest that the Mauri River would lose about 50% of its flow through such diversions and even more during drought periods.Шаблон:Sfn Additional wetlands would be impacted.Шаблон:Sfn This has resulted in opposition by inhabitants of affected areas and by the Puno Region. Such water disputes about reservoirs and river diversions have become common in Peru.

Minsur's Pucamarca gold mine lies close to the canal, raising concerns about water in the canal becoming polluted and causing an interstate dispute in 2007. The mine with reserves estimated to be 555,000 ounces gold Шаблон:As of is Шаблон:Convert from the canal. Minsur as a compromise undertook a project to cover part of the canal to resolve issues. The first part of this project was completed in 2014 and covered about Шаблон:Convert of the canal.

References

Sources

• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web
• Шаблон:Cite web