Английская Википедия:Cangjie input method

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Chinese

The Cangjie input method (Tsang-chieh input method, sometimes called Changjie, Cang Jie, Changjei[1] or Chongkit) is a system for entering Chinese characters into a computer using a standard computer keyboard. In filenames and elsewhere, the name Cangjie is sometimes abbreviated as cj.

The input method was invented in 1976 by Chu Bong-Foo, and named after Cangjie (Tsang-chieh), the mythological inventor of the Chinese writing system, at the suggestion of Chiang Wei-kuo, the former Defense Minister of Taiwan. Chu Bong-Foo released the patent for Cangjie in 1982, as he thought that the method should belong to Chinese cultural heritage.[2] Therefore, Cangjie has become open-source software and is on every computer system that supports traditional Chinese characters, and it has been extended so that Cangjie is compatible with the simplified Chinese character set.

Файл:HK 石塘咀市政大廈 Shek Tong Tsui Municipal Services Building 電腦鍵盤 Chinese input keyboard Jan-2012.jpg
A Chinese keyboard in Shek Tong Tsui Municipal Services Building, Hong Kong with Cangjie hints printed on the lower-left corners of the keys. (Printed on the lower-right and upper-right corners are Dayi hints and Zhuyin symbols respectively.)

Cangjie is the first Chinese input method to use the QWERTY keyboard. Chu saw that the QWERTY keyboard had become an international standard, and therefore believed that Chinese-language input had to be based on it.[3] Other, earlier methods use large keyboards with 40 to 2400 keys, except the Four-Corner Method, which uses only number keys.

Unlike the Pinyin input method, Cangjie is based on the graphological aspect of the characters: each graphical unit, called a "radical" (not to be confused with Kangxi radicals), is re-parented by a basic character component, 24 in total, each mapped to a particular letter key on a standard QWERTY keyboard. An additional "difficult character" function is mapped to the X key. Keys are categorized into four groups, to facilitate learning and memorization. Assigning codes to Chinese characters is done by separating the constituent "radicals" of the characters.

Overview

Keys and "radicals"

The basic character components in Cangjie are called "radicals" (Шаблон:Zhi) or "letters" (Шаблон:Zhi). There are 24 radicals but 26 keys; the 24 radicals (the basic shapes Шаблон:Zhi) are associated with roughly 76 auxiliary shapes (Шаблон:Zhi), which in many cases are either rotated or transposed versions of components of the basic shapes. For instance, the letter A (Шаблон:Zhi) can represent either itself, the slightly wider Шаблон:Zhi, or a 90° rotation of itself. (For a more complete account of the 76-odd transpositions and rotations than the ones listed below, see the article on Cangjie entry in Chinese Wikibooks.)

The 24 keys are placed in four groups:

  • Philosophical Group — corresponds to the letters 'A' to 'G' and represents the sun, the moon, and the five elements
  • Strokes Group — corresponds to the letters 'H' to 'N' and represents the brief and subtle strokes
  • Body-Related Group — corresponds to the letters 'O' to 'R' and represents various parts of the human anatomy
  • Shapes Group — corresponds to the letters 'S' to 'Y' and represents complex and enclosed character forms
Group Key Name Primary meaning
Philosophical group A Шаблон:Zhi sun Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, 90° rotated Шаблон:Zhi (as in Шаблон:Zhi)
B Шаблон:Zhi moon the top four strokes of Шаблон:Zhi; Шаблон:Zhi; Шаблон:Zhi; Шаблон:Zhi; the top and top-left part of Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, and Шаблон:Zhi; the top-left four strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi; and the top four strokes of Шаблон:Zhi
C Шаблон:Zhi gold itself, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, and the penultimate two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
D Шаблон:Zhi wood itself, the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
E Шаблон:Zhi water Шаблон:Zhi, the last five strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi
F Шаблон:Zhi fire the shape Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, the first three strokes in Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
G Шаблон:Zhi earth itself, or Шаблон:Zhi for soldier
Stroke group H Шаблон:Zhi bamboo

(Шаблон:Zhi apostrophe)

The slant and short slant, the Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi, namely the upper parts in Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
I Шаблон:Zhi dagger axe (Шаблон:Zhi dot) The dot, the first three strokes in Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, and the shape Шаблон:Zhi
J Шаблон:Zhi ten (Шаблон:Zhi cruciform) The cross shape and the shape Шаблон:Zhi
K Шаблон:Zhi big (Шаблон:Zhi cross) The X shape, including Шаблон:Zhi and the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi, as well as Шаблон:Zhi
L Шаблон:Zhi centre (Шаблон:Zhi vertical) The vertical stroke, as well as Шаблон:Zhi and the first four strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
M Шаблон:Zhi one (Шаблон:Zhi horizontal) The horizontal stroke, as well as the final stroke of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, the shape Шаблон:Zhi, and the shape Шаблон:Zhi
N Шаблон:Zhi bow (Шаблон:Zhi hook) The crossbow and the hook
Body parts group O Шаблон:Zhi person The dismemberment; the Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi; the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi; the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, and Шаблон:Zhi; and the final two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi
P Шаблон:Zhi heart The Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi; the second stroke in Шаблон:Zhi; the last four strokes in Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, and Шаблон:Zhi; the shape Шаблон:Zhi; the shape Шаблон:Zhi; the penultimate two strokes in Шаблон:Zhi; and the shape Шаблон:Zhi
Q Шаблон:Zhi hand The Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi
R Шаблон:Zhi mouth The Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi
Character shapes group S Шаблон:Zhi corpse Шаблон:Zhi, the first two strokes of Шаблон:Zhi, the first stroke of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, the third stroke of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, the first four strokes of Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
T Шаблон:Zhi twenty Two vertical strokes connected by a horizontal stroke; the Kangxi radical Шаблон:Zhi when written as Шаблон:Zhi (whether the horizontal stroke is connected or broken)
U Шаблон:Zhi mountain Three-sided enclosure with an opening on the top
V Шаблон:Zhi woman A hook to the right; a V shape; the last three strokes in Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, and Шаблон:Zhi
W Шаблон:Zhi field Itself, as well as any four-sided enclosure with something inside it, including the first two strokes in Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
Y Шаблон:Zhi fortune telling The Шаблон:Zhi shape and rotated forms, the shape Шаблон:Zhi, the first two strokes in Шаблон:Zhi
Collision/Difficult key* X Шаблон:Zhi/Шаблон:Zhi collision/difficult (1) disambiguation of Cangjie code decomposition collisions, (2) code for a "difficult-to-decompose" part
Special character key* Z (See note) Auxiliary code used for entering special characters (no meaning on its own). In most cases, this key combined with other keys will produce Chinese punctuations (such as Шаблон:Zhi).

Note: Some variants use Z as a collision key instead of X. In those systems, Z has the name "collision" (Шаблон:Zhi) and X has the name "difficult" (Шаблон:Zhi); but the use of Z as a collision key is neither in the original Cangjie nor used in the current mainstream implementations. In other variants, Z may have the name "user-defined" (Шаблон:Zhi) or some other name.

Wildcard Shift + 8 (*) Wildcard It can replace any key from 2nd to 5th place, and return a list that matches the combination. It is very useful for unknown guesses when you are sure about the first and last input. (e.g. Input Шаблон:Zhi*Шаблон:Zhi will include the following in the list: Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi )

The auxiliary shapes of each Cangjie radical have changed slightly across different versions of the Cangjie method. Thus, this is one reason that different versions of the Cangjie method are not completely compatible.

Chu Bong-Foo has provided alternate names for some letters according to their characteristics. For example, H (Шаблон:Zhi) is also called Шаблон:Zhi, which means slant. The names form a rhyme to help learners memorize the letters, each group being in a line (The sounds of final characters are given in parentheses):

Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi
Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi
Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi
Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi

Keyboard layout

Файл:Keyboard layout cangjie.png
A typical keyboard layout for Cangjie method, based on United States keyboard layout. Note the non-standard use of Z as the collision key.

Basic rules

The typist must be familiar with several decomposition rules (Шаблон:Zhi) that define how to analyze a character to arrive at a Cangjie code.

  • Direction of decomposition: left to right, top to bottom, and outside to inside
  • Geometrically connected forms: take four Cangjie codes, namely the first, second, third, and last codes
  • Geometrically unconnected forms that can be broken into two subforms (e.g., Шаблон:Zhi): identify the two geometrically connected subforms according to the direction of decomposition rules (i.e., Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi), then take the first and last codes of the first subform and the first, second, and last code of the second subform.
  • Geometrically unconnected forms that can be broken into multiple subforms (e.g., Шаблон:Zhi): identify the first geometrically connected subform according to the direction of decomposition rules (i.e., Шаблон:Zhi) and take the first and last codes of that form. Next, break the remainder (i.e., Шаблон:Zhi) into subforms (i.e., Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi) and take the first and last codes of the first subform and the last code of the last subform.

The rules are subject to various principles:

  • Conciseness (Шаблон:Zhi) – if multiple ways of decomposition are possible, the shorter decomposition is considered to be correct.
  • Completeness (Шаблон:Zhi) – if multiple ways of decomposition with the same length of code are possible, the one that identifies a more complex form first is the correct decomposition.
  • Reflection of the form of the radical (Шаблон:Zhi) – the decomposition should reflect the shape of the radical, meaning (a) using the same code twice or more should be avoided if possible, and (b) the shape of the character should not be "cut" at a corner in the form.
  • Omission of codes (Шаблон:Zhi)
    • Partial omission (Шаблон:Zhi) – when the number of codes in a complete decomposition exceeds the permitted number of codes, the extra codes are ignored.
    • Omission in enclosed forms (Шаблон:Zhi) – when part of the character to be decomposed and the form is an enclosed form, only the shape of the enclosure is decomposed; the enclosed forms are omitted.

Examples

Файл:TypingChineseCharactersWithCangjieGedit383Ubuntu1310Screencast.webm
Typing Chinese with Cangjie input method version 5
Файл:CangjieOnMiNote2AndroidScreencast.webm
Typing Chinese with Cangjie input method on an Android device

Exceptions

Some forms are always decomposed in the same way, whether the rules say they should be decomposed this way or not. The number of such exceptions is small:

Form Fixed decomposition
Version 2 Version 3 Version 5
Шаблон:Zhi (door) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (AN)
Шаблон:Zhi (eye) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (BU)
Шаблон:Zhi (ghost) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (HI) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (HI) or HUI —
Шаблон:Zhi (small table) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (HU) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (HN)
Шаблон:Zhi (win) — Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (YRBBN) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (YNBUC)
Шаблон:Zhi (tiger [radical]) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (YP)
Шаблон:Zhi on top of Шаблон:Zhi (Шаблон:Zhi) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (YR) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (YVR)
Шаблон:Zhi (fowl) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (OG)
Шаблон:Zhi (air [radical]) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (OU) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (ON) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (OMN)
Шаблон:Zhi minus the Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (VI)
Шаблон:Zhi (compete) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (LN)
Шаблон:Zhi (mound or city radical) Шаблон:Zhi Шаблон:Zhi (NL)

Some forms cannot be decomposed. They are represented by an X, which is the Шаблон:Zhi key on a Cangjie keyboard.[4]

Form Fixed decomposition (v5)
臼 HX
與 HXYC
興 HXBC
盥 HXBT
姊 VLXH
齊 YX
兼 TXC
鹿 IXP
身 HXH
卍 NX
黽 RXU
龜 NXU
廌 IXF
慶 IXE
淵 ELXL
肅 LX

Early development

Initially, the Cangjie input method was not intended to produce a character in any character set. Instead, it was part of an integrated system consisting of the Cangjie input rules and a Cangjie controller board. This controller board contains character generator firmware, which dynamically generates Chinese characters from Cangjie codes when characters are output, using the hi-res graphics mode of the Apple II computer. In the preface of the Cangjie user's manual, Chu Bong-Foo wrote in 1982:

Шаблон:Blockquote

In this early system, when the user types "yk", for example, to get the Chinese character Шаблон:Zhi, the Cangjie codes do not get converted to any character encoding and the actual string "yk" is stored. The Cangjie code for each character (a string of 1 to 5 lowercase letters plus a space) Шаблон:Em the encoding of that particular character.

Файл:Mingzhu xiaoziku1.PNG
Demonstration of character generator MingzhuШаблон:'s capability to generate characters according to the codes. The first character is 𮨻 (⿰Шаблон:Zhi), which denotes a kind of soup in Xuzhou cuisine.

A particular "feature" of this early system is that, if one sends random lowercase words to it, the character generator will attempt to construct Chinese characters according to the Cangjie decomposition rules, sometimes causing strange, unknown characters to appear. This unintended feature, "automatic generation of characters", is described in the manual and is responsible for producing more than 10,000 of the 15,000 characters that the system can handle. The name Cangjie, evocative of the creation of new characters, was indeed apt for this early version of Cangjie.

The presence of the integrated character generator also explains the historical necessity for the existence of the "X" key, which is used for the disambiguation of decomposition collisions: because characters are "chosen" when the codes are "output", every character that can be displayed must in fact have a unique Cangjie decomposition. It would not make sense—nor would it be practical—for the system to provide a choice of candidate characters when a random text file is displayed, as the user would not know which of the candidates is correct.

Issues

Cangjie was designed to be an easy-to-use system to help promote the use of Chinese computing. However, many users find Cangjie is difficult to learn and use, with many difficulties caused by poor instruction.Шаблон:Citation needed

Perceived difficulties

  • In order to input using Cangjie, knowledge of both the names of the radicals as well as their auxiliary shapes is required. It is common to find tables of the Cangjie radicals with their auxiliary shapes taped onto the monitors of computer users.
  • One must also be familiar with the decomposition rules, lack of knowledge of which results in increased difficulty in typing the intended characters.
  • The user cannot type a character that they have forgotten how to write (a problem with all non-phonetic based input methods).

With enough practice, users can overcome the above problems. Typical touch-typists can type Chinese at 25 characters per minute (cpm), or better, using Cangjie, despite having difficulty remembering the list of auxiliary shapes or the decomposition rules. Experienced Cangjie typists can reportedly attain a typing speed from 60 cpm to over 200 cpm.

according to Chen Minzheng, his teaching experience at Longtian Elementary School in Taitung in 1990, the average typing speed of children was 90 words per minute, and some children even reached more than 130 words per minute.[5]

Limitations in implementation

The decomposition of a character depends on a predefined set of "standard shapes" (Шаблон:Zhi). However, as many variations of Cangjie exist in different countries, the standard shape of a certain character in Cangjie is not always the one the user has learnt before. Learning Cangjie then entails learning not only Cangjie itself but also unfamiliar standard shapes for some characters. The Cangjie input method editor (IME) does not handle mistakes in decomposition except by informing the user (usually by beeping) that there is a mistake. However, Cangjie is originally designed to assign different codes to different variants of a character. For example, in the Cangjie provided on Windows, the code for Шаблон:Zhi is YHHQM, which corresponds not to the shape of this character but to another variant, Шаблон:Zhi. This is a problem resulting from the implementation of Cangjie on Windows. In the original Cangjie, Шаблон:Zhi should be YKMHM (the first part is Шаблон:Zhi) while Шаблон:Zhi is YHHQM (the first part is Шаблон:Zhi).

Punctuation marks are not geometrically decomposed, but rather given predefined codes that begin with ZX followed by a string of three letters related to the ordering of the characters in the Big5 code. (This set of codes was added to Cangjie on the traditional Chinese version of Windows 95. On Windows 3.1, Cangjie did not have a set of codes for punctuation marks.) Typing punctuation marks in Cangjie thus becomes a frustrating exercise involving either memorization or pick-and-peck. However, this is solved on modern systems through accessing a virtual keyboard on screen (On Windows, this is activated by pressing Ctrl + Alt + comma key).

Commonly-made errors include not considered as alternative codes. For example, if one does not decompose Шаблон:Zhi from top to bottom into YHS, but instead type YSH according to stroke order, Cangjie does not return the character Шаблон:Zhi as a choice.

Since Cangjie requires all 26 keys of the QWERTY keyboard, it cannot be used to input Chinese characters on feature phones, which have only a 12-key keypad. Alternative input methods, such as Zhuyin, 5-stroke (or 9-stroke by Motorola), and the Q9 input method, are used instead.

Versions

The Cangjie input method is commonly said to have gone through five generations (commonly referred to as "versions" in English), each of which is slightly incompatible with the others. Currently, version 3 (Шаблон:Zhi) is the most common and supported natively by Microsoft Windows. Version 5 (Шаблон:Zhi), supported by the Free Cangjie IME and previously the only Cangjie supported by SCIM, represents a significant minority method and is supported by iOS.

The early Cangjie system supported by the Zero One card on the Apple II was Version 2; Version 1 was never released.

The Cangjie input method supported on the classic Mac OS resembles both Version 3 and Version 5.

Version 5, like the original Cangjie input method, was created directly by Chu. He had hoped that the release of Version 5, originally slated to be Version 6, would bring an end to the "more than ten versions of Cangjie input method" (slightly incompatible versions created by different vendors).

Version 6 has not yet been released to the public, but is being used to create a database which can accurately store every historical Chinese text.

Variants

Most modern implementations of Cangjie input method editors (IME) provide various convenient features:

  • Some IMEs list all characters beginning with the code you have typed. For example, if you type A, the system gives you all characters whose Cangjie code begins with A, so that you can select the correct character if it is on the screen; if you type another A, the list is shortened to give all characters whose code begins with AA. Examples of such implementations include the IME in Mac OS X, and the Smart Common Input Method (SCIM).
  • Some IMEs provide one or more wildcard keys, usually but not always * and/or ?, that allow the user to omit part(s) of the Cangjie code; the system will display a list of matching characters for the user to choose. Examples include the X window Chinese INput XIM server (xcin), the Smart Common Input Method (SCIM), and the IME of the Founder Group (University of Peking) typesetting systems. Microsoft Windows's standard "Changjie" IME allows * to substitute for in-between characters (effectively reducing it to Simplified Cangjie entries), while the "New Changjie" IME allows * as a wildcard anywhere except for the first character.
  • Some IMEs provide an "abbreviation" feature, where impossible Cangjie codes are interpreted as abbreviations for the Cangjie codes of more than one character. This allows more characters to be input with fewer keys. An example is the Smart Common Input Method (SCIM).
  • Some IMEs provide an "association" (Шаблон:Zhi lianxiang) feature, where the system anticipates what you are going to type next, and provides you with a list of characters or even phrases associated with what the user has typed. An example is the Microsoft "Changjie" IME.
  • Some IMEs present the list of candidate characters differently, depending on the frequency of character use (how often that character has been typed by the user). An example is the Cangjie IME in the NJStar Chinese word processor.

Besides the wildcard key, many of these features are convenient for casual users but unsuitable for touch-typists because they make the Cangjie IME unpredictable.

There have also been various attempts to "simplify" Cangjie one way or another:

  • Simplified Cangjie, also known as quick, Шаблон:Zhi or Шаблон:Zhi, has the same radicals, auxiliary shapes, decomposition rules, and short list of exceptions as Cangjie, but only the first and last codes are used if more than two codes are required in Cangjie.

Applications

Many researchers have discussed ways to decompose Chinese characters into their major components, and tried to build applications based on the decomposition system. The idea can be referred to as the study of the Шаблон:Ill. Cangjie codes offer a basis for such an endeavour. Academia Sinica in Taiwan[6] and Jiaotong University in Shanghai[7] have similar projects as well.

One direct application of the use of decomposed characters is the possibility of computing the similarities between different Chinese characters.[8] The Cangjie input method offers a good starting point for this kind of application. By relaxing the limit of five codes for each Chinese character and adopting more detailed Cangjie codes, visually similar characters can be found by computation. Integrating this with pronunciation information enables computer-assisted learning of Chinese characters.[9]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Cleanup

  • Taipei: Chwa! Taiwan Inc. (Шаблон:Zhi). Шаблон:Zhi : Шаблон:Zhi [The Cangjie Chinese information code : with indexes keyed by Cangjie radicals, Kangxi radicals, and zhuyin]. Publication number 023479. — This is the user manual of an early Cangjie system with a Cangjie controller card.
    • The second-to-last paragraph on the first page in the section entitled "The Cangjie radical-based Chinese input method" (Шаблон:Zhi) states that

      [Translation]
      This is no problem; there are also auxiliary forms to complement the deficiencies of the radicals. The auxiliary forms are variations of the shape of the radicals, [and therefore] easy to remember.

    • The last paragraph on the fifth page in the same section states

      [Translation]
      The dictionary appended [to this book] is based on the 4800 standard, commonly used characters as proclaimed by the Ministry of Education. Adding to this the characters that are automatically generated, the number of characters is about 15,000 (using the Kangxi dictionary as a basis).

  • Part of the information from this article comes from the equivalent Chinese-language Wikipedia article
  • The decomposition rules come from the "Friend of Cangjie — Malaysia" web site at http://www.chinesecj.com/ The site also gives the typing speed of experienced typists and provides software for version 5 of the Cangjie method for Microsoft Windows.
  • It might be difficult to find specific references to the "not error-forgiving" property of Cangjie. The table at https://web.archive.org/web/20050206223713/http://www.array.com.tw/keytool/compete.htm is one external reference that states this fact.
  • Input.foruto.com has a brief history of the Cangjie input method as seen by that article's author. Versions 1 and 2 are clearly identified in the article.
  • Cbflabs.com contains a number of articles written by Chu Bong-Foo, with references not only to the Cangjie input method, but also Chinese language computing in general. Versions 5 and 6 (now referred to as 5) of the Cangjie input method are clearly identified.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Chinese language Шаблон:Input method Шаблон:Authority control

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Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ A spelling used as filename on ETen Chinese System.
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ https://www.chinesecj.com/forum/forum.php?mod=attachment&aid=MTIwNnw1MjMxNmQwMXwxNjg2OTYyNTE4fDB8MTUwMjQ%3D page 58
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 上海交通大學漢字編碼組,上海漢語拼音文字研究組編著。漢字信息字典。北京市科學出版社，1988。
  8. ↑ 宋柔，林民，葛詩利。漢字字形計算及其在校對系統中的應用，小型微型計算機系統，第29卷第10期，第1964至1968頁，2008。
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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