Английская Википедия:Canterbury Shaker Village

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Canterbury Shaker Village is a historic site and museum in Canterbury, New Hampshire, United States. It was one of a number of Shaker communities founded in the 19th century.

It is one of the most intact and authentic surviving Shaker community sites, and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1993.[1][2][3]

The site is operated by a non-profit organization established in 1969 to preserve the heritage of the Canterbury Shakers. Canterbury Shaker Village is an internationally known, non-profit museum and historic site with 25 original Shaker buildings, four reconstructed Shaker buildings and Шаблон:Convert of forests, fields, gardens and mill ponds under permanent conservation easement. Canterbury Shaker Village "is dedicated to preserving the 200-year legacy of the Canterbury Shakers and to providing a place for learning, reflection and renewal of the human spirit."[4]

Visitors learn about the life, ideals, values and legacy of the Canterbury Shakers through tours, programs, exhibits, research and publications. Village staff, largely volunteer, conduct tours, and its restaurant serves traditional Shaker lunches and dinners spring, summer and fall.

History

Origins and growth

The Canterbury site was one of two communities existing in what was known as the New Hampshire Bishopric, which contained Canterbury village and the Shaker Village of Enfield.[5] A bishopric was composed of two or more communities in the same area or geographical location. They were designed as a way to organize communications and events amongst villages and acted as an administrative unit, which represented the governing body of the United Society of Believers.[6]

In 1782 Israel Chauncey and Ebeneezer Cooley from the Mount Lebanon village of Shakers traveled to Canterbury and converted several prominent figures of the community. These figures included Benjamin and Mary Whitcher and the Wiggin and Sanborn families, who later donated land to house the Canterbury Village community of Shakers. Through a donation of land from local community members, the Canterbury Village was founded in 1792, led by Father Job Bishop.[7] The village expanded over time, and in 1803 there were 159 members in three families.[8] Nearly fifty years later in 1850, the site contained Шаблон:Convert with a community of 300 housed in 100 buildings.[5]

Modernization

Шаблон:Shakers sidebarOver the period in which the Canterbury Village existed as a working Shaker community, various inventions from mainstream society were adopted by its members. As Stephen Stein highlights in his definitive guide to the Shaker society, The Shaker Experience, "New means of transportation, sources of power, complex machinery, and communication devices transformed community life and came to symbolize the views of modern Believers."[6]

In 1901 the New England Telephone Company installed telephones at the Canterbury Village site. As Stein outlined, this would have changed community life in the sense that the installation of the telephone eradicated the need for long distance travel between Shaker communities.[6]

The Canterbury Village had its own powerhouse constructed in 1910.[6] The cost of the powerhouse was $8,000, and at first the generator powered the electric lights in sixteen community buildings. The Canterbury members were also given a television set after its invention in the 1950s by friends of the community.[9]

The Shakers of Canterbury also had laborsaving inventions of their own, which contributed greatly to their economy. The Canterbury Shakers patented a washing machine, an accomplishment that was recognized by mainstream society in the form of a gold medal at the Centennial Exposition in 1876.[6]

Music was an important part of Shaker life at Canterbury. Among the many Canterbury Shaker spirituals are the hymn "Celestial Praises" from 1841, and the song "We Will All Go Home with You" from 1862. Between 1842 and 1908 there were eleven different Shaker hymnals published by the Shakers at Canterbury.[10]

Decline

Шаблон:Historical populationsIn 1905, there were 100 members,[11] and by 1916, the Shakers in Canterbury had dwindled to just 49, 47 women and two men.[12] In addition, there were 12 females under the age of 21 as well as one non-Shaker who had been living in the village for seven years.[12]

The last male member of the Canterbury Village, Brother Irving Greenwood, died in 1939.[11]

In 1947, when LIFE reporter Nina Leen visited the village, there were 16 sisters remaining,[13] ranging in age from 43 to 80.[11][14]

In 1957, after "months of prayer", Eldresses Gertrude, Emma, and Ida, the leaders of the United Society of Believers and who were based out of Canterbury, voted to close the Shaker Covenant, the document which all new members need to sign to become members of the Shakers.[11] In 1988, speaking about the three men and women in their 20s and 30s who had joined the Shakers and were living in the Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, Eldress Bertha Lindsay stated, "To become a Shaker you have to sign a legal document taking the necessary vows and that document, the official covenant, is locked up in our safe. Membership is closed forever."[11]

By as early as 1980, Canterbury Shaker Village had opened to visitors as a historic site, with tours, greetings by some of the few remaining Shakers, and a gift shop, called "Simple Gifts".[15][16] In 1992, it received 60,000 visitors from all 50 US states and 45 countries.[17]

In 1988, Eldress Gertrude Soule died,[17][18] leaving only two Shakers left at Canterbury Village, Eldress Bertha Lindsay and Sister Ethel Hudson, aged 93 and 96, respectively.[19] Bertha Lindsay, the last Shaker eldress, died on 3 October 1990,[19] leaving only one Shaker at Canterbury, Sister Ethel Hudson. By September 1992, she had died at the age of 96.[12][17]

Governance

The Shakers were organized in a hierarchical system of four levels. The first level to which every member of the community was involved was the family. Above the family were members known as elders and eldresses, deacons and deaconesses. The third level usually consisted of two men and two women who formed a ministry, which governed over the individual communities. Finally, the fourth level was the bishopric, which governed the local communities.[6]

Buildings

Notable residents

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Hidden begin All of the following are filed under Shaker Village Road, Canterbury, Merrimack County, NH:

Шаблон:Hidden end

Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:NRHP in Merrimack County, New Hampshire Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок nhlsum не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:NHLS url Шаблон:Small
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Rieman, Timothy D., and Jean M. Burks. The Complete Book of Shaker Furniture. 1st ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1993.
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 6,5 Stein, Stephen J. The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers. 1st ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Starbuck, David R. Neither Plain nor Simple: New Perspective on the Canterbury Shakers. 1st ed. New Haven, CT: University Press of New England, 2004.
  10. ↑ Hall, Roger L. A Guide to Shaker Music - With Music Supplement. Stoughton, MA: 6th ed. PineTree Press, 2006.[1]
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 11,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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