Английская Википедия:Canton of St. Gallen

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall (Шаблон:Lang-de Шаблон:IPA-de; Шаблон:Lang-rm; Шаблон:Lang-fr; Шаблон:Lang-it) is a canton of Switzerland. Its capital is St. Gallen.

Located in northeastern Switzerland, the canton has an area of Шаблон:Convert (5% of Switzerland) and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015 (6% of Switzerland). It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of the Old Swiss Confederacy.

History

Файл:Teile St Gallen.png

Map of the historical territories now united in the Canton of St. Gallen: Imperial City of St. Gallen, Imperial Abbey of St. Gallen, County of Toggenburg, Rapperswil, Uznach, Windegg (Gaster), County of Sargans, Pfäfers Abbey, Werdenberg, Lordship of Hohensax, Barony of Sax-Forstegg and Rheintal.

The canton of St. Gallen is an artificial construct of various historical territories, defined by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Act of Mediation in 1803. About half of the canton's area corresponds to the acquisitions of the abbey of St. Gallen over centuries.

The city of St. Gallen became independent of the abbey in 1405. At the same time, the abbey lost control of Appenzell. Conversely, the Toggenburg was acquired by the Abbey in 1468. Both the city and the abbey were associates (Zugewandte Orte) of the Old Swiss Confederacy, but unlike Appenzell never joined as full members.

The territories at Lake Zürich, Walensee and Rheintal remained independent until 1798. In the Helvetic Republic, the northern parts of the modern canton together with Appenzell became the canton of Säntis, while its southern parts together with Glarus became the canton of Linth.

Before the 1798 French invasion, the territory of the modern canton consisted of the free city of St. Gallen, the territories of the Abbey of St. Gallen (including Fürstenland and Toggenburg), the free city of Rapperswil, Pfäfers Abbey, Sargans and the independent lordships (bailiwicks) of Rheintal, Sax-Forstegg, Hohensax, Werdenberg, Windegg and Uznach.

In April 1798, the territories of the later canton of St. Gallen were divided between the cantons of Säntis and Linth of the Helvetic Republic, along with Appenzell, Glarus and parts of Schwyz.

However, the two new Cantons had immediate financial problems and were forced to institute a number of unpopular taxes and laws. The Abbey was secularized on 17 September 1798 and the Prince-Abbot Pankraz Vorster fled to Vienna. The unpopular laws and the closing of the Abbey caused unrest throughout the area. When the War of the Second Coalition broke out in 1799, an Austrian army marched into eastern Switzerland and returned the Prince-Abbot to his throne at the Abbey. However, his victory was short-lived. The Austrian and Russian armies were defeated outside Zürich and the French Army returned to St. Gallen driving the Prince-Abbot out. In 1803, as part of the Act of Mediation, the area joined the Swiss Confederation as the Canton of St. Gallen.

The cantonal constitution of 1803 was revised in 1814. Because of the confessional heterogeneity of the canton's population, the 1814 constitution did unusually organise matters of religion, marriage and education not on a cantonal level but introduced a twofold division (confessional dualism), with separate Protestant and a Catholic assemblies subordinate to the legislative cantonal assembly (Grosser Rat).

The constitution was revised again in 1831, introducing elements of direct democracy. The constitution of 1831 divided the canton into 15 districts (Bezirke), reduced to 14 in 1918 (fusion of Tablat district with St. Gallen district).

Due to continuing confessional squabbles over the organisation of schools, the canton eventually placed education under its authority in 1861. The constitution was revised again in 1890, with a stronger emphasis on direct democracy. The 1890 constitution remained in effect, with numerous later changes, until 2001, the date of the latest revision of the cantonal constitution, when the division into districts was replaced by a division into eight constituencies (Wahlkreise), effective 1 January 2003.

Geography

Файл:Gigerwaldsee.jpg

Gigerwaldsee, Calfeisental

The canton is located in the north east of Switzerland. It is bounded to the north by Lake Constance (Bodensee). To the east lies the Rhine valley. Over the Rhine are Austria (state of Vorarlberg) and Liechtenstein. To the south, the canton of St. Gallen is bounded by the cantons of Graubünden, Glarus and Schwyz. To the west lie the cantons of Zürich and Thurgau.

The two half cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are completely surrounded by lands of the canton of St. Gallen.

The main rivers of the canton are the Rhine, Thur, Linth and Seez. The topography changes from the plains, near river Rhine and Lake Constance, towards the mountainous areas of the Alps in the south (Appenzell Alps and Glarus Alps). About one third (Шаблон:Convert) of the canton is wooded, while nearly half is Шаблон:Convert is used for farming. Шаблон:Convert of the farm land is alpine pastures. Of the rest of the canton, Шаблон:Convert is considered unproductive while Шаблон:Convert is filled with housing or roads.

The altitude above the sea-level varies from Шаблон:Convert (the lake of Constance) to Шаблон:Convert (the Ringelspitz). The canton includes portions of the lake of Constance (Шаблон:Convert), of the Walensee (rather over Шаблон:Convert), and of the lake of Zürich (Шаблон:Convert), and several small lakes wholly within its limits.

The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site, under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona, in 2008.

Political subdivisions

Constituencies

Файл:Karte Kanton St.Gallen Wahlkreise.png

Wahlkreise

Since 2003 the canton is subdivided into 8 constituencies (Wahlkreise) replacing the districts (Bezirke).

• Rheintal with capital Altstätten
• Rorschach with capital Rorschach
• Sarganserland with capital Sargans
• See-Gaster with capital Rapperswil-Jona
• St. Gallen with capital St. Gallen
• Toggenburg with capital Lichtensteig
• Werdenberg with capital Buchs
• Wil with capital Wil

Municipalities

Шаблон:Main There are 77 municipalities in the canton (Шаблон:As of).

Politics

Federal election results

Percentage of the total vote per party in the canton in the Federal Elections 1971–2015
Party		Ideology	1971	1975	1979	1983	1987	1991	1995	1999	2003	2007	2011	2015
FDP.The LiberalsШаблон:Ref	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Classical liberalism	23.6	25.1	27.6	27.5	24.0	20.0	17.0	16.9	14.7	13.6	12.3	14.3
CVP/PDC/PPD/PCD	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Christian democracy	44.0	43.3	44.1	40.8	39.4	35.8	31.0	26.2	22.2	21.4	20.3	16.6
SP/PS	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Social democracy	14.6	15.1	18.0	16.3	11.4	13.1	16.2	17.1	18.4	14.7	16.7	14.2
SVP/UDC	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Swiss nationalism	* Шаблон:Ref	*	*	1.9	*	*	8.4	27.6	33.1	35.8	31.5	35.8
Ring of Independents		Social liberalism	7.0	8.0	8.2	10.2	10.1	9.3	4.1	1.9	*	*	*	*
EVP/PEV	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Christian democracy	3.0	*	2.1	*	2.3	*	1.7	1.3	1.5	2.0	1.8	1.8
GLP/PVL	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Green liberalism	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	3.1	6.0	4.9
BDP/PBD	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Conservatism	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	3.8	3.6
PdA/PST-POP/PC/PSL	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Marxism	*	0.4	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
POCH		Progressivism	0.4	0.5	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
GPS/PES	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Green politics	*	*	*	*	*	6.2	4.9	4.0	7.1	6.4	6.4	5.7
FGA		Feminist	*	*	*	3.3	5.3	Шаблон:Ref	*	*	*	*	*	*
SD/DS	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	National conservatism	*	2.2	*	*	2.1	3.1	2.0	1.4	0.8	0.7	*	0.3
Rep.		Right-wing populism	7.0	5.4	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*	*
EDU/UDF	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Christian right	*	*	*	*	*	*	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.0	1.2	0.9
FPS/PSL	bgcolor="Шаблон:Party color"|	Right-wing populism	*	*	*	*	5.1	12.6	10.2	1.0	*	*	*	*
Other			0.3	*	*	*	0.2	*	3.4	1.8	1.3	1.2	*	1.9
Voter participation %			62.0	53.5	45.0	44.0	43.6	42.9	41.0	43.6	42.8	46.8	46.8	46.5

Шаблон:Note FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009

Шаблон:Note "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton.

Шаблон:Note Part of the GPS

Demographics

Файл:Alpabfahrt, Mels. 2019-09-14 13-04-59.jpg

Almabtrieb at Mels in 2019

88% of the population is German-speaking. The main centres of population are the capital St. Gallen (69,700 inhabitants), Rapperswil-Jona (27,000), Wil (17,500) and Gossau (17,000). Шаблон:Swiss populations ref Шаблон:As of, the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of the total population. The majority of the population (Шаблон:As of) is Roman Catholic (52%) while a large minority is Protestant (28%).

Historical population

The historical population is given in the following table:

Historic Population Data
Year	Total Population	Swiss	Non-Swiss	Population share of total country
1850	169 625	166 367	3 258	7.1%
1880	209 719	198 195	11 524	7.4%
1900	250 285	221 841	28 444	7.4%
1950	309 106	289 268	19 838	6.7%
1970	384 475	325 641	58 834	6.1%
2000	452 837	361 904	90 933	6.2%
2020	514,504			6.0%

Economy

Agricultural activity consists predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas. In the plains fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming.

Industries of the canton include optical goods, pyrotechnics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Tourism plays an important role in the many resorts. There is a thermal spa in Bad Ragaz and another in St. Margrethen and a great number of winter sports facilities.

Education

Higher educational institutions include the Hochschule für Technik Rapperswil and the University of St. Gallen.

External links

• Official website Шаблон:In lang stadt