Английская Википедия:Canzés dialect
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More footnotes Шаблон:Infobox language
Canzés (also written Canzees) is a variety of Brianzöö (a Western Lombard dialect) spoken in the commune of Canzo, Italy.
Historical and Cultural Characteristics
Canzés is spoken by approximately 2000 people in and near the town of Canzo. It is similar to common Brianzöö, and to varieties of Vallassina, of Como, of Lecco and of Monza, but it also shares similarities with Milanese because of historical ties with Milan. Its lexicon is partially shared with Brianzöö. In comparison with common Brianzöö, Canzés has a broader variety of stylistic registers, from peasant style to courtly style. Because Canzo is in the northernmost zone of the Brianza, Canzés preserves lexical archaisms better than modern Milanese, and has changed less under the influence of Italian.
In the Linguistic and Ethnographic Atlas of Italy and Southern Switzerland (AIS) of the Universities of Bern and Zurich (1928–1940)[1] and in the Acoustic Vivarium of Italian Languages and Dialects (VivALDI) of the Humboldt University of Berlin (1998–2018)[2] Canzo has been chosen as the only linguistic tracing point of a very large area, including not only the entire macro-Brianza, but also the entire provinces of Como and Milan (except for the Bustocco-Legnanese linguistic island). Indeed, Canzo has characteristics of conservation and authenticity otherwise absent in this geographic area, historically much innovative. For this reason it can be said that Canzés dialect – while preserving, in some of its registers, peculiar local features – is the reference variety for a study of the most archaic elements of the most prestigious variant of the Lombard language (see Milanese dialect).
Historical origins
The language descends from Latin with some influence from a Celtic substratum due to the original inhabitants of the region, the Insubres, Lambrani, Lepontii, and Orobi (local populations already merged with Gauls). Langobardic made an impact as a superstratum, as did the languages of later Spanish, French and Austrian rulers.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels
Contrasts exist between long and short vowels in stressed syllables, but in unstressed syllables the contrast is neutralized.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPAlink ~ Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Close-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink ~ Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open-mid | Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink |
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink respectively as allophones, when stressed and followed by Шаблон:IPA;
- Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA have Шаблон:IPAblink as a rare allophone;
- Шаблон:IPA is pronounced closed; the open pronunciation is an allophone by analogy, when the vowel is unstressed and in another dialect there is Шаблон:IPA;
- Шаблон:IPA has Шаблон:IPAblink and Шаблон:IPAblink as allophones by analogy, when the vowel is unstressed and in another dialect there is Шаблон:IPA or a back vowel respectively.
Semivowels
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
| Шаблон:IPAlink | Шаблон:IPAlink |
Phonetically, it is evident, for example, the predominance of vowel Шаблон:IPA or similar (written a), instead of unstressed Шаблон:IPA (written e). In Canzés, instead of Milanese nasalization of vowel, there is a velar nasal (written n) with abbreviation of the vowel. There are no geminate consonants in words, excepting half-geminate affricate (written z), that never change to Шаблон:IPA. The final consonants are always voiceless. Written v have a very weak sound, almost semivocalic. There are also vowel allophones as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (both written a) and more open Шаблон:IPA (written ü, sometimes i when variant of Шаблон:IPA), in addition to basic Western Lombard vowels: Шаблон:IPA (written a), Шаблон:IPA (written é), Шаблон:IPA (written è), Шаблон:IPA (written i), Шаблон:IPA (written ó), Шаблон:IPA (written ò), Шаблон:IPA (written ö) with Шаблон:IPA (written ö, sometimes ü when variant of Шаблон:IPA), Шаблон:IPA (written u) and normal Шаблон:IPA (written ü). Vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA are inverted (for example: cóo, head; cuut, whetstone) as to many others Brianzöö and Milanese varieties. Syllables closed by Шаблон:IPA and based on vowel a, often change it with Шаблон:IPA (written ò), that, like other rounded consonants also in other Western Lombard varieties, change to Шаблон:IPA when unstressed. Letter s before consonant is usually aspirated. There are many phenomena of assimilation or adaptation, caused by meeting of two words, especially in crashes of consonants. In the word culzùn, trousers, the adesinential plural, the use of Шаблон:IPA, not Шаблон:IPA, the conservation of z and the mutation cal- > còl- > cul- can be seen.
Literature
In the little written literature, almost totally poetry, bloomed in the 1970s basing on Brianzöö and Milanese literatures (born in the 13th century), it is used a simple orthography, adherent to the pronunciation and based on Italian and Milanese ones, using diaeresis, letter j for semivocalic i, not applying the circumflex accent but the redoubling of long vowels, or the redoubling of consonant for short vowels.
The wide oral literature is composed by proverbs, poems, legends, prayers, that have histories of several centuries. An important role of Canzés and other local languages is in toponyms, often derived from Celtic words, and traditional gentilics.
Examples
There are some examples of written and oral literature.
Use
There are variants also within the borough, according to the social class and the zone, for influence in the first case from Milanese and from common Brianzöö, in the second case from the neighbouring villages. It can be said that every joint family has own dialect of Canzés because, until the half of 20th century, every joint family was very united and isolated in the cuurt (the local kind of courtyard) world.
Canzés, even if it has a consistent heritage of oral and written literature, besides high importance for the local identity, does not have an official recognition, so it is getting uncommon in young generations. Western Lombard has a general recognition, but none from State. UNESCO and Ethnologue consider Lombard language as union of Western Lombard, Eastern Lombard and intermediate varieties.
Bibliography
- Tiziano Corti, In ucasiun, 2005.
- Cumitaa F.N., Librett da la Festa di Nost, 1988–2003.
- Stefano Prina, Al Cadreghin - gazetin di bagaj da Canz, 2003–2007 (in particular n° 9bis of 2006).
- Gigliola Campiotti, Proverbi e modi di dire Lariani, 1997.
- Andrea Rognoni, Grammatica dei dialetti della Lombardia, 2005.
- Several authors, Parlate e dialetti della Lombardia. Lessico comparato, 2003.
References
- ↑ Hu-Berlin. Vivaldi/Ortsinformationen: AIS 243; AIS - Atlante linguistico ed etnografico dell'Italia e della Svizzera meridionale. Esempio di mappa; AIS - Atlante linguistico ed etnografico dell'Italia e della Svizzera meridionale. Punti di inchiesta.
- ↑ Hu-Berlin. Vivaldi/Syntaktischer Teil. Only a few individual registrations have been made in the cities of Como, Monza and Milan.
