Английская Википедия:Capital of Japan

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Шаблон:Short description The capital of Japan is Tokyo.[1][2][3] Throughout history, the national capital has been in locations other than Tokyo.

History

Traditionally, the home of the Emperor is considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the Emperor lived in Heian-kyō, modern-day Kyoto.[4][5] After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home was moved to Edo, which it renamed Tokyo.[6]

In 1941, the Ministry of Education published the Шаблон:Nihongo.[7]

Modern law

Шаблон:Main While no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a Шаблон:Nihongo that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the Шаблон:Nihongo of 1956 states: "In this Act, the term 'capital area' shall denote a broad region comprising both the territory of the Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated by cabinet order." This implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of Japan, although (again) it is not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" is purposely restricted to the terms of that specific law.[8]

Other laws referring to this "capital area" include the Шаблон:Nihongo and the Шаблон:Nihongo.[9]

This term for capital was never used to refer to Kyoto. Indeed, shuto came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English term "capital".

The Ministry of Education published a book called "History of the Restoration" in 1941. This book referred to Шаблон:Nihongo without talking about Шаблон:Nihongo. A contemporary history textbook states that the Meiji government "moved the capital (shuto) from Kyoto to Tokyo" without using the sento term.[7]

As of 2007, there is a movement to transfer the government functions of the capital from Tokyo while retaining Tokyo as the de facto capital, with the Gifu-Aichi region, the Mie-Kio region and other regions submitting bids for a de jure capital. Officially, the relocation is referred to as "capital functions relocation" instead of "capital relocation", or as "relocation of the Diet and other organizations".[10][11]

In 2023, the Government of Japan moved the Agency for Cultural Affairs to Kyoto. This was the first time that a central government office has been relocated outside Tokyo since Tokyo was designated as the capital.[12][13]

List of capitals

Legendary

This list of legendary capitals of Japan begins with the reign of Emperor Jimmu. The names of the Imperial palaces are in parentheses: Шаблон:Expand list

  1. Kashihara, Yamato at the foot of Mount Unebi during reign of Emperor Jimmu[14]
  2. Kazuraki, Yamato during reign of Emperor Suizei[15]
  3. Katashiha, Kawachi during the reign of Emperor Annei[15]
  4. Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Itoku.[16]
  5. Waki-no-kami, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōshō[17]
  6. Muro, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōan[17]
  7. Kuruda, Yamato during the reign of Emperor Kōrei[17]
  8. Karu, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kōgen[17]
  9. Izakaha, Yamato during reign of Emperor Kaika[17]
  10. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Mizugaki) during reign of Emperor Sujin[18]
  11. Shika, Yamato (Palace of Tamagaki) during reign of Emperor Suinin[19]
  12. Makimuko, Yamato (Palace of Hishiro) during reign of Emperor Keikō[20]
  13. Shiga, Ōmi (Palace of Takaanaho) during reign of Emperor Seimu[21]
  14. Ando, Nara (Palace of Toyoura) and Kashiki on the island of Kyushu during reign of Emperor Chūai[21]

Historical

This list of capitals includes the Imperial palaces names in parentheses. Шаблон:Expand list

Kofun period

Файл:Kusuba-no-Miya.jpg
Traditional site of Kusuba-no-Miya Palace in Osaka Prefecture

Asuka period

Файл:210401 One-thousandth scale model of Aramashinomiyako.jpg
1/1000 scale model of Fujiwara-kyō, held by Kashihara-shi Fujiwara-kyō reference room

Nara period

Файл:220325 One-thousandth scale model of Heijo Kyo.jpg
1/1000 scale model of Heijō-kyō, held by Nara City Hall

Heian period

Файл:Heiankyo overall model.jpg
1/1000 scale model of Heian-kyō, held by Kyoto City Heiankyo Sosei-Kan Museum

Medieval Japan and Early modern period (see also: History of Japan)

Modern Japan (see also: History of Japan)

Historical capitals

  • Hiraizumi was the capital of totally independent Northern Fujiwara polity (Ōshū) based in Tōhoku region, having defeated Emishi tribes. This polity existed as Kyoto's internal politics prevented Kyoto's authority from 1100 to 1189.
  • Hakodate was the capital of the short lived Republic of Ezo (1869)
  • Shuri was the capital of Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) and Urasoe was capital of Chuzan from at least 1350, which predated the Ryukyu Kingdom.

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

  • Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. New York: Psychology Press. Шаблон:ISBN

External links

Шаблон:Commons category-inline

  1. "About Japan". The Government of Japan. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  2. "Japan - The World Factbook". CIA. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  3. "Japan country profile". BBC News. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  4. Nussbaum, "Kyōto" at pp. 585-587.
  5. Wendy, Frey. History Alive!: The Medieval World and beyond. Palo Alto, CA: Teacher's Curriculum Institute, 2005.
  6. Перейти обратно: 6,0 6,1 Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokyo", Japan Encyclopedia, pp. 981–982.
  7. Перейти обратно: 7,0 7,1 国会等の移転ホームページ – 国土交通省. Mlit.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  8. 首都圏整備法 Шаблон:Webarchive. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  9. 首都圏近郊緑地保全法 Шаблон:Webarchive. Law.e-gov.go.jp. Retrieved on 2011-04-29.
  10. Шаблон:Cite web
  11. Шаблон:Cite web
  12. Шаблон:Cite news
  13. Шаблон:Cite speech
  14. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1915). The Imperial Family of Japan, p. 1.
  15. Перейти обратно: 15,0 15,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 2.
  16. Ponsonby-Fane, pp. 2-3.
  17. Перейти обратно: 17,0 17,1 17,2 17,3 17,4 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 3.
  18. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 4.
  19. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 5.
  20. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 6.
  21. Перейти обратно: 21,0 21,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 7.
  22. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 8.
  23. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 9.
  24. コトバンク「履中天皇」
  25. コトバンク「反正天皇」
  26. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 10.
  27. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 12.
  28. Перейти обратно: 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 28,4 28,5 28,6 28,7 28,8 28,9 Koch, W. (1904). Japan; Geschichte nach japanischen Quellen und ethnographische Skizzen. Mit einem Stammbaum des Kaisers von Japan, p. 13.
  29. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 13.
  30. Перейти обратно: 30,0 30,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 14; excerpt, "Mikaguri Palace"
  31. Nussbaum, "Asuka" at p. 59.
  32. Перейти обратно: 32,0 32,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 15.
  33. Шаблон:Cite web
  34. Шаблон:Cite web
  35. Шаблон:Cite web
  36. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 16.
  37. Перейти обратно: 37,0 37,1 37,2 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 17; except, "Palace of Kanahashi at Magari, Yamato"
  38. Brown, Delmer. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 262–263; excerpt, "... palace was Osada no Miya of Iware in the province of Yamato."
  39. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 18.
  40. Brown, p. 263; excerpt, "... palace was Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe in the province of Yamato."
  41. Перейти обратно: 41,0 41,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 19.
  42. Перейти обратно: 42,00 42,01 42,02 42,03 42,04 42,05 42,06 42,07 42,08 42,09 42,10 42,11 Asuka Historical Museum, Palaces of the Asuka Period," 1995; retrieved 2011-11-25.
  43. Перейти обратно: 43,0 43,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 20.
  44. Перейти обратно: 44,0 44,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 21.
  45. Перейти обратно: 45,0 45,1 なにわ活性化プロジェクト (Naniwa Revialization Project)Шаблон:Dead link, August 24, 201; retrieved 2011-11-24.
  46. Перейти обратно: 46,0 46,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 23.
  47. Перейти обратно: 47,0 47,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 24.
  48. Nussbaum, "Ōtsu mo Miya" at p. 216.
  49. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 25.
  50. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 26.
  51. Перейти обратно: 51,0 51,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 27.
  52. Nussbaum, "Fujiwara" at pp. 200–201.
  53. Перейти обратно: 53,0 53,1 Nussbaum, "Heijō-kyō" at p. 304.
  54. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 28.
  55. Перейти обратно: 55,0 55,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 29.
  56. Nussbaum, "Kuni-kyō" at p. 574.
  57. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 30.
  58. Перейти обратно: 58,0 58,1 Nussbaum, "Naniwa" at p. 697.
  59. Nussbaum, "Nagaoka-kyō" at p. 216–217.
  60. Перейти обратно: 60,0 60,1 Ponsonby-Fane, p. 34.
  61. Шаблон:Cite web
  62. Перейти обратно: 62,0 62,1 Nussbaum, "Heian-kyō" at pp. 303–304.
  63. Nussbaum, "Fukuhara" at pp. 216.
  64. Ponsonby-Fane, p. 37.
  65. Шаблон:Cite web