Английская Википедия:Capsella bursa-pastoris

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox

Capsella bursa-pastoris, known as shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae).Шаблон:R It is native to eastern Europe and Asia minor,[1] but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates,[2] including British Isles,[3] where it is regarded as an archaeophyte,[4][5] North America[6][7] and China,[8] but also in the Mediterranean and North Africa.[1] C. bursa-pastoris is the second-most prolific wild plant in the world,[8] and is common on cultivated ground and waysides and meadows.[9]

Scientists have referred to this species as a "protocarnivore", since it has been found that its seeds attract and kill nematodes as a means to locally enrich the soil.[10][11]

History

Pictured and published in 1486.[12]

Description

Файл:Capsella bursa-pastoris Sturm23.jpg
Rosette (a), pointed leaves, flowers (c–e), pods (i, k)

Capsella bursa-pastoris plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem about Шаблон:Convert tall, which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the British Isles,[9]Шаблон:Rp are white and small, Шаблон:Convert in diameter, with four petals and six stamens.[9] They are borne in loose racemes, and produce flattened, two-chambered seed pods known as silicles, which are triangular to heart-shaped, each containing several seeds.[7]

Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as mucilage, a condition known as myxospermy.[13] Recently, this has been demonstrated experimentally to perform the function of trapping nematodes, as a form of 'protocarnivory'.[10][11][14]

Capsella bursa-pastoris is closely related to the model organism such as Arabidopsis thaliana and is also used as a model organism, due to the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle that can be compared to genes that are well studied in A. thaliana. Unlike most flowering plants, it flowers almost all year round.[7][8] Like other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, C. bursa-pastoris reproduces entirely from seed, has a long soil seed bank,[4] and short generation time,[1] and is capable of producing several generations each year.

Taxonomy

It was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753, and then published by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in Pflanzen-Gattungen (Pfl.-Gatt.) on page 85 in 1792.[15][16]

Capsella bursa-pastoris subsp. thracicus (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef. is the only known subspecies.[15]

William Coles wrote in his book, Adam in Eden (1657), "It is called Shepherd's purse or Scrip (wallet) from the likeness of the seed hath with that kind of leathearne bag, wherein Shepherds carry their Victualls [food and drink] into the field."[17]

In England and Scotland, it was once commonly called 'mother's heart', from which was derived a child's game/trick of picking the seed pod, which then would burst and the child would be accused of 'breaking his mother's heart'.[17]

Uses

Capsella bursa-pastoris gathered from the wild or cultivatedШаблон:RШаблон:R has many uses, including for food,[8][18] to supplement animal feed,[19] for cosmetics,[19] and in traditional medicine[8][19]—reportedly to stop bleeding.[20] The plant can be eaten raw;[21] the leaves are best when gathered young.[22] Native Americans ground it into a meal and made a beverage from it.[20]

Cooking

It is cultivated as a commercial food crop in Asia. [23] In China, where it is known as jìcài (Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Lang) it is commonly used in food in Shanghai and the surrounding Jiangnan region. The savory leaf is stir-fried with rice cakes and other ingredients or as part of the filling in wontons.Шаблон:R It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, Nanakusa-no-sekku. In Korea, it is known as naengi (Шаблон:Lang) and used as a root vegetable in the characteristic Korean dish, namul (fresh greens and wild vegetables).[24]

The seeds of shepherd's purse were used as a pepper substitute in colonial New England.Шаблон:R

Шаблон:Gallery

Chemistry

Fumaric acid is one chemical substance that has been isolated from C. bursa-pastoris.Шаблон:R

Pathogens

Pathogens of this plant include:Шаблон:Citation needed

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:CarnivorousPlants Шаблон:Taxonbar

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. Шаблон:ISBN
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 8,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Nature - Evidence for Facultative Protocarnivory in Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Telegraph - Tomatoes Can Eat Insects
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок future не указан текст
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
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