Английская Википедия:Capture of La Boisselle
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Main article Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Capture of La Boisselle (1–6 July 1916) was a tactical incident during the Battle of Albert, the name given by the British to the first two weeks of the Battle of the Somme. The village of La Boisselle forms part of the small commune of Ovillers-la-Boisselle about Шаблон:Cvt north-east of Amiens in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France. To the north-east of La Boisselle lies Ovillers; by 1916, the village was called Ovillers by the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) to avoid confusion with La Boisselle, south of the road.Шаблон:Sfn
On 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme, La Boisselle was attacked by the 34th Division, III Corps but the bombardment had not damaged the German deep-mined dug-outs (Шаблон:Lang) and a German listening post overheard a British telephone conversation the day before, which gave away the attack. The III Corps divisions suffered more than Шаблон:Nowrap and failed to capture La Boisselle or Ovillers, gaining only small footholds near the boundary with XV Corps to the south and at Шаблон:Lang (Swabian heights), a field fortification in the German front line, after the explosion of the Lochnagar mine had destroyed some of its defences.
The advance of the 103rd Brigade was over ground with a fold, which meant that the disaster of the attack by preceding brigades occurred in dead ground. As the 103rd Brigade advanced from behind the British front line, it was engaged by artillery and machine-gun fire, which inflicted Шаблон:Nowrap before the troops reached the British line. The 19th (Western) Division was rushed forward from reserve, in case of a German counter-attack on Albert and to continue the attack, most of the village was captured by 4 July and the operation was complete by 6 July. Шаблон:TOC limit
Background
1914
In 1914, La Boisselle was a village of Шаблон:Nowrap on the right of the D 929 Albert–Bapaume road, at the junction of the D 104 to Contalmaison. On 26 September, the French 11th Division attacked eastwards, north of the River Somme but after French Territorial divisions were forced back from Bapaume, the division was ordered back to defend bridgeheads from Maricourt to Mametz.Шаблон:Sfn The II Bavarian Corps attacked on 27 September between the Somme and the D 929, the Roman road from Bapaume to Albert and Amiens, intending to reach the River Ancre and then continue westwards along the Somme valley. The 3rd Bavarian Division advanced close to Montauban and Maricourt against scattered resistance from French infantry and cavalry. On 28 September, the French were able to stop the German advance on a line from Maricourt to Fricourt and Thiepval.Шаблон:Sfn
The XIV Reserve Corps began operations west of Bapaume on the same day, by advancing down the Bapaume–Albert road to the Ancre river, to complete the advance down the Somme valley to Amiens but by 29 September the French had stopped the Bavarian advance around Fricourt and La Boisselle.Шаблон:Sfn A night attack on Bécourt, about Шаблон:Cvt south of La Boisselle to capture Albert was planned for the evening of 7 October; the Bavarian infantry found that keeping direction in the dark was impossible. Small-arms fire from well dug-in French troops added to the confusion and the attack collapsed, Шаблон:Nowrap troops being captured in the fiasco.Шаблон:Sfn In early November, French artillery reinforcements arrived and bombardments beyond the front line began. On 19 November, two divisions of XI Corps attacked to pin down German troops but were repulsed and on 28 November an attack by the XIV Corps managed to advance the French line by Шаблон:Cvt. In early December, IV Corps attacked and gained Шаблон:Cvt. The French attacks were costly and pushed forward the front line only a short distance.Шаблон:Sfn
Attacks by the French 53rd Reserve Division (XI Corps) took place from 17 December at La Boisselle, Mametz, Carnoy and Maricourt.Шаблон:Sfn Although wire-cutting had not been completed, the operation was ordered to begin at Шаблон:Nowrap without artillery support, to gain a measure of surprise. The attackers got beyond the German front line near Mametz and north of Maricourt and then repulsed German counter-attacks from Bernafay Wood and east of Mametz. The advance was contained by German reserves in the support lines and by flanking machine-gun fire. The 118th Infantry Regiment reached the cemetery of La Boisselle and the 19th Infantry Regiment closed on the western fringe of Ovillers. A German counter-bombardment then swept the ground west of Ovillers and Ravine 92, which prevented the approach of French reserves. During the night the French survivors of the attack fell back to the French front line, except at La Boisselle.Шаблон:Sfn
Next day, XI Corps broke through the German defences at La Boisselle cemetery but was stopped a short distance forward in front of trenches protected by barbed wire. A German counter-attack using incendiary grenades recaptured a trench north of Maricourt and a French counter-attack at Шаблон:Nowrap by two battalions of the 45th Infantry Regiment and a battalion of the 236th Infantry Regiment, managed to regain a small amount of ground.Шаблон:Sfn A German counter-attack on 21 December, near Carnoy was repulsed.Шаблон:Sfn On 24 December, XI Corps attacked again at La Boisselle, with the 118th Infantry Regiment and two battalions of the 64th Infantry Regiment at Шаблон:Nowrap after a bombardment. The 118th Infantry Regiment captured several houses in the south-east of La Boisselle and consolidated the area during the night. The 64th Infantry Regiment overran the German first line but was held up short of the support trench, not been discovered before the attack, then dug in, having suffered many casualties.Шаблон:Sfn
On 27 December, a German bombardment on the captured positions in La Boisselle was followed by an abortive counter-attack on the 118th Infantry Regiment and the 64th Infantry Regiment. German heavy artillery reinforcements had been brought into the area and made the ground untenable; the French infantry were withdrawn and mine warfare began.Шаблон:Sfn Many of the German units that fought on the Somme in 1914 remained in the area and made great efforts to fortify the defensive line, particularly with barbed-wire entanglements to hold the front trench with fewer troops. Railways, roads and waterways connected the battlefront to the Ruhr from where material for Шаблон:Lang (dug-outs) Шаблон:Cvt underground for Шаблон:Nowrap each, excavated every Шаблон:Cvt and the front divided into Шаблон:Lang (barrage sectors).Шаблон:Sfn
1915
January began frosty, which solidified the ground but wet weather followed and soon caused diggings to collapse, making movement impossible after a few days, leading to tacit truces to allow supplies to be carried to the front line at night.Шаблон:Sfn The rains eased and Bavarian Engineer Regiment 1 continued digging eight galleries at the south end of La Boisselle, towards Шаблон:Lang, which had been captured by the French in December and which became known as Шаблон:Lang (Shell Farm) to the Germans and later Glory Hole by the British. On 5 January, French sappers were heard digging near a gallery and a Шаблон:Cvt camouflet was quickly planted and blown, collapsing the French digging and two German galleries in the vicinity. A Шаблон:Cvt charge was blown on 12 January, which killed more than forty French soldiers. On 18 January, Reserve Infantry Regiment 120 made a surprise attack and destroyed the 7th and 8th companies of the 65th Infantry Regiment, taking Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn
Fighting continued and on the night of Шаблон:Nowrap when three more German mines were sprung close to Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn After the explosions, a large party of German troops advanced and occupied the demolished houses but were not able to advance further against French artillery and small-arms fire. At Шаблон:Nowrap a French counter-attack drove back the Germans and inflicted about Шаблон:Nowrap For several more days both sides detonated mines and conducted artillery bombardments, which often prevented infantry attacks. On 1 March, at Bécourt, German infantry massing for an attack were stopped by French artillery and at Carnoy on 15 March, a German mine was sprung and crater-fighting ensued for several days.Шаблон:Sfn On the night of Шаблон:Nowrap a German sapper inadvertently broke into French gallery charged with explosives; a group of volunteers took a tense Шаблон:Nowrap to dismantle the charge and cut the firing cables. From April 1915 to January 1916, sixty-one mines were sprung around Шаблон:Lang, some with Шаблон:Cvt explosive charges.Шаблон:Sfn
General Erich von Falkenhayn, the German Chief of the General Staff (Шаблон:Lang [OHL]), ordered a construction programme in January 1915, to create a systematic defensive system on the Western Front, capable of withstanding attacks indefinitely with a relatively small garrison. Barbed wire obstacles were enlarged from one belt Шаблон:Cvt wide to two belts Шаблон:Cvt wide and about Шаблон:Cvt apart. Double and triple thickness wire was laid Шаблон:Cvt high. The front line was increased from one trench to three, dug Шаблон:Cvt apart, the first trench (Шаблон:Lang [battle trench]) to be occupied by sentry groups, the second (Шаблон:Lang [accommodation trench]) for the front-trench garrison and the third trench for local reserves. The trenches were traversed and had sentry-posts in concrete recesses built into the parapet. Dugouts had been deepened from Шаблон:Cvt to Шаблон:Cvt, Шаблон:Cvt apart and made large enough for Шаблон:Nowrap An intermediate line of strong points (Шаблон:Lang) about Шаблон:Cvt behind the front line was also built. Communication trenches ran back to the reserve position, renamed the second position, which was as well built and wired as the first. The second position was beyond the range of French and British field artillery, to force an attacker to stop and move artillery forward before assaulting the line.Шаблон:Sfn
In mid-July 1915, extensive troop and artillery movements north of the Ancre were seen by German observers. The type of shell fired by the new artillery changed from high explosive to shrapnel and unexploded shells were found to be of a different design. The new infantry opposite did not continue the live-and-let-live of their forerunners and a larger number of machine-guns began firing against the German lines, which did not pause every Шаблон:Nowrap like French Hotchkiss machine-guns. German troops were reluctant to believe that the British had assembled an army large enough to extend as far south as the Somme but a soldier seen near Thiepval was thought to be a French soldier in a grey hat. By 4 August, it was reported by OHL that the 52nd Division and the 26th Reserve Division had seen a man in a brown suit. On 9 August, the arrival of the British was revealed when Private William Nicholson of the 6th Black Watch, 51st (Highland) Division was shot and captured during a German trench raid. A second British soldier was captured when troops of the 1st Battalion East Lancashire Regiment of the 4th Division were wiring in no man's land. The soldier got lost in fog near the Ancre and blundered into the German lines near the Шаблон:Lang (beaver colony) redoubt.Шаблон:Sfn
1916
After the Шаблон:Lang (Autumn Battle, Second Battle of Champagne) in 1915, a third defensive position another Шаблон:Cvt back from the Шаблон:Lang was begun in February 1916 and was nearly complete on the Somme front when the battle began. The artillery Шаблон:Lang (barrage sectors) were co-ordinated with the infantry, whose officers were expected to know the batteries covering their sections of the front line and the batteries to be ready to engage fleeting targets. A telephone system was built with lines buried Шаблон:Cvt deep for Шаблон:Cvt back from the front line, to connect the front line with the artillery. The Somme defences had two inherent weaknesses which the rebuilding had not remedied. Front trenches were on a forward slope, lined by white chalk from the subsoil and easily seen by ground observers. The defences were crowded towards the front trench, with a regiment having two battalions near the front-trench system and the reserve battalion divided between the Шаблон:Lang and the second position, all within Шаблон:Cvt and most troops within Шаблон:Cvt of the front line, accommodated in the new deep dugouts. The concentration of troops at the front line on a forward slope guaranteed that it would face the bulk of an artillery bombardment, directed by ground observers on clearly marked lines.Шаблон:Sfn
Digging and wiring of a new third position began in May; civilians were moved away and stocks of ammunition and hand-grenades were increased in the front-line.Шаблон:Sfn By mid-June, Below and Rupprecht expected an attack on the 2nd Army which held the front from Noyon northwards to beyond Gommecourt, although Falkenhayn was more concerned about an offensive in Alsace-Lorraine and then a possible attack on the 6th Army, which held the front from near Gommecourt north to St Eloi, near Ypres. In April, Falkenhayn had suggested a spoiling attack by the 6th Army but lack of troops and artillery, which were engaged in the Battle of Verdun, made it impractical. Some labour battalions and captured Russian heavy artillery were sent to the 2nd Army and Below proposed a preventive attack in May and a smaller effort from Ovillers to St Pierre Divion in June but got only one extra artillery regiment. On 6 June, Below reported that air reconnaissance indicated that an offensive was being prepared at Fricourt and Gommecourt and that the French had been reinforced south of the Somme, against whom XVII Corps was overstretched, its twelve regiments holding Шаблон:Cvt of front with no reserves.Шаблон:Sfn
In mid-June, Falkenhayn was sceptical that an offensive was being prepared on the Somme, since a great success would lead to operations in Belgium, when an offensive in Alsace-Lorraine would take the war and its devastation into Germany. More railway activity, fresh digging and camp extensions around Albert, opposite the 2nd Army was seen by German air observers on Шаблон:Nowrap and spies reported an imminent offensive. On 24 June, a British prisoner spoke of a five-day bombardment to begin on 26 June and local units expected an attack within days. On 27 June, Шаблон:Nowrap balloons were visible to the Germans, one for each British division; no German reinforcements were sent to the area until 1 July and only then to the 6th Army. At Verdun on 24 June, Crown Prince Wilhelm was ordered to conserve troops, ammunition and equipment and further restrictions were imposed on 1 July, when two divisions were put under OHL control.Шаблон:Sfn
Prelude
British offensive preparations
| Date | Rain mm |
°F | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 | 2.0 | 79°–55° | wind |
| 24 | 1.0 | 72°–52° | dull |
| 25 | 1.0 | 71°–54° | wind |
| 26 | 6.0 | 72°–52° | dull |
| 27 | 8.0 | 68°–54° | dull |
| 28 | 2.0 | 68°–50° | dull |
| 29 | 0.1 | 66°–52° | dull wind |
| 30 | 0.0 | 72°–48° | dull rain |
| 1 | 0.0 | 75°–54° | haze |
| 2 | 0.0 | 75°–54° | fine |
| 3 | 2.0 | 68°–55° | fine |
| 4 | 17.0 | 70°–55° | wind |
| 5 | 0.0 | 72–52° | dull |
| 6 | 2.0 | 70°–54° | rain |
| 7 | 13.0 | 70°–59° | rain |
The British front line from Bécourt to Authuille was held by III Corps (Lieutenant-General William Pulteney) and lay along the forward slope of a low ridge between La Boiselle and Albert, east of Tara and Usna hills, a continuation of the south-west spur from the main Bazentin Ridge, on which Ovillers had been built. In dead ground behind the ridge, field artillery was deployed in rows and artillery observers on the ridge had a perfect view of the German front position. The German position ran along the higher slopes of three spurs, which descend south-west from the main ridge and each trench had an unmistakable white chalk parapet. No man's land varied from Шаблон:Cvt wide, the narrowest part opposite La Boisselle being Шаблон:Lang (Glory Hole to the British). The right flank of the corps was opposite Fricourt Spur, the centre faced La Boisselle Spur with the village just behind the front line and the left flank was west of Ovillers Spur. Between the spurs were Sausage Valley and Mash Valley, depressions about Шаблон:Cvt wide at their broadest points, making an advance up them vulnerable to crossfire. The spurs were covered by trench networks and machine-gun posts; Thiepval Spur to the north opposite X Corps, overlooked the ground across which the III Corps divisions must advance.Шаблон:Sfn
The III Corps artillery had Шаблон:Nowrap guns, howitzers and the loan of a Шаблон:Lang of the French 18th Field Artillery Regiment, to fire gas shells. The corps artillery was divided into two field artillery groups for each attacking division and a fifth group which contained the heaviest artillery, covering the corps front. There was one heavy gun for each Шаблон:Cvt of front and a field gun for every Шаблон:Cvt. The heavy group had a 15-inch howitzer, three 12-inch howitzers on railway mountings, twelve 9.2-inch howitzers, sixteen 8-inch howitzers and twenty 6-inch howitzers, a 12-inch gun, one 9.2-inch gun (both on railway mountings), four 6-inch guns, thirty-two 60-pounder guns and eight 4.7-inch guns. During the preliminary bombardment the III Corps artillery was hampered by poor-quality field gun ammunition, which caused premature shell-explosions in gun barrels and casualties to the gunners. Many howitzer shells fell short and there was a large number of blinds (duds). The unsatisfactory progress of the bombardment and the discovery on 30 June that parties clearing paths through the British wire had been fired on by the garrison of La Boisselle, led to a battery of eight Stokes mortars being readied to bombard La Boisselle at zero hour until the flanking parties entered the village. Sausage Redoubt (Шаблон:Lang to the Germans) was to be bombarded by Stokes mortars from an emplacement dug in no man's land overnight, Шаблон:Cvt opposite the strong point. (Long-range fire was more successful and a 12-inch railway gun chased Шаблон:Lang Hermann von Stein, the XIV Reserve Corps commander and his staff out of Bapaume on 1 July.)Шаблон:Sfn
Lochnagar and Y Sap mines
French mine workings were taken over as the British moved into the Somme front and great secrecy was maintained to prevent the discovery of the mines, since no continuous front line trench ran through the Glory Hole, which was defended by posts near the mine shafts.Шаблон:Sfn The 179th Tunnelling Company Royal Engineers dug the mines on either side of the salient around La Boisselle, to destroy German positions and create crater lips to block German enfilade fire along no man's land. The tunnellers used bayonets with spliced handles and worked barefoot on a floor covered with sandbags for silence. Flints were carefully prised out of the chalk and laid on the floor; when the bayonet was manipulated two-handed, an assistant caught the dislodged material.Шаблон:Sfn
Spoil was placed in sandbags and passed hand-by-hand along a row of miners sitting on the floor, then stored along the side of the tunnel to be used to tamp the charge. The Lochnagar tunnel was Шаблон:Cvt and excavated at a rate of about Шаблон:Cvt per day, until about Шаблон:Cvt long, with galleries beneath the Шаблон:Lang. The mines were laid without interference by German miners but as the explosives were placed, Sappers could be heard below Lochnagar and above Y Sap. Lochnagar was loaded with Шаблон:Cvt of Ammonal, in two charges of Шаблон:Cvt and Шаблон:Cvt, Шаблон:Cvt apart and Шаблон:Cvt deep. Just north of the village, Y Sap mine was charged with Шаблон:Cvt of Ammonal.Шаблон:Sfn Two smaller mines of Шаблон:Cvt each were planted from galleries dug from Inch Street Trench.Шаблон:Sfn
British plan
In the III Corps area, heavy artillery was to fire on the German defences in eight lifts and "jump" from one defence line to the next and the infantry advance was to be preceded by barrages which moved back slowly on a timetable. The sixth lift was to fall on a line behind Contalmaison and Pozières, Шаблон:Nowrap after zero hour and the eighth lift was to fall Шаблон:Cvt beyond after Шаблон:Nowrap a procession into the German defences of Шаблон:Cvt in Шаблон:Nowrap The field artillery barrage was to move "very slowly", raking back to the next German trench line in lifts of Шаблон:Cvt but was to move faster than the speed of the infantry advance, so was not a true creeping barrage.Шаблон:Sfn On 28 June, the Fourth Army headquarters ordered that if the initial attacks caused the German defence to collapse, the closest infantry would exploit without waiting for cavalry of the Reserve Army (Lieutenant-General Hubert Gough), which was assembled Шаблон:Cvt west of Albert and was to advance once the roads had been cleared.Шаблон:Sfn
Gough had the 1st Cavalry Division, 2nd Indian Cavalry Division and 3rd Cavalry Division, the 12th (Eastern) Division and 25th Division, ready to advance through any gap formed and turn north to roll up the German defences.Шаблон:Sfn On the right flank of III Corps, the 34th Division, composed of Pals battalions, was to capture the German positions on the Fricourt Spur and Sausage Valley to the far side of La Boisselle, then advance to a line about Шаблон:Cvt short of the German second line from Contalmaison to Pozières. The division would have to capture a fortified village and six German trench lines, in a Шаблон:Cvt advance on a Шаблон:Cvt front. The 19th (Western) Division in corps reserve was to move forward to vacated trenches in the Tara–Usna line, ready to relieve the attacking divisions after the objectives had been reached.Шаблон:Sfn If the German defences collapsed, the 19th Division and 49th (West Riding) Division from reserve, were to advance either side of the Albert–Bapaume road under the command of the Reserve Army.Шаблон:Sfn
All three infantry brigades of the division were to attack at zero hour in waves. Four columns, three battalions deep, were to attack on Шаблон:Cvt frontages, with a gap between the third and fourth columns either side of La Boisselle, which like Fricourt was not to be attacked directly. As the columns passed by the village, bombing parties supported by Lewis gun and Stokes mortar crews, were to attack from both flanks. When the battalion and brigade commanders ventured to doubt the realism of the plan, they were reminded that the preliminary bombardment had killed the village garrison and the Lochnagar and Y Sap mines would have destroyed the fortifications on either side of the village salient. Two columns on the right flank were to be formed by the 101st Brigade (Brigadier-General Robert Gore) with one battalion leading and a supporting battalion behind, followed by a battalion detached from the 103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade (Brigadier-General Neville Cameron). The two columns on the left flank were from the 102nd (Tyneside Scottish) Brigade (Brigadier-General T. P. B. Tiernan) and the remaining two battalions of the 103rd Brigade were to follow the columns.Шаблон:Sfn
Many of the divisional infantry had been coal miners before 1914 and dug an elaborate complex of underground galleries in Tara hill to shelter the assembled battalions. When the attack began, the columns were to advance in lines of companies in extended order, the companies moving in platoon columns Шаблон:Nowrap apart. Gore ordered the 101st Brigade the battalion headquarters staffs to stay behind until ordered forward, to preserve a cadre of officers to replace casualties. The first objective of the two leading lines of battalions was the German front system of four trench lines, the fourth trench being about Шаблон:Cvt from the British front line and to be reached at Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap after zero hour. The second objective was set at the German second intermediate line (Шаблон:Lang) just short of Contalmaison and Pozières to be reached at Шаблон:Nowrap where the 101st and 102nd brigades were to dig in. The 103rd Brigade was then to pass through and reach the final objective on the far side of Contalmaison and Pozières at Шаблон:Nowrap and consolidate, ready to attack the German second position Шаблон:Cvt further on.Шаблон:Sfn
German preparations
The German defences began with a front system which had four strong points in the southern section, Шаблон:Lang (Sausage Redoubt to the British) backed by Шаблон:Lang (Swabian Heights; Scots Redoubt to the British) and La Boisselle.Шаблон:Sfn The front defensive system was held by two battalions of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 of the 28th (Baden) Reserve Division, with a third battalion in reserve in the intermediate lines and the second position.Шаблон:Sfn On the far side of the road opposite the 8th Division the village of Ovillers had also been fortified. An intermediate line had been dug further back, from Fricourt Farm to Ovillers and a second intermediate line was being dug in front of Contalmaison and Pozières.Шаблон:Sfn
Behind this front position, a second position with two parallel trenches had been built from Bazentin-le-Petit to Mouquet Farm and a third position had been dug about Шаблон:Cvt behind the second position. The front position lay on a forward slope which could be seen from the British lines, except Шаблон:Lang, the crater field just west of La Boisselle. The front position lay across several salients and re-entrants, the main ones being those at La Boisselle and Thiepval on higher ground to the north. The Bapaume–Albert road descended westwards from Pozières then down the north side of the La Boisselle spur as far as the front lines, then beyond to Albert.Шаблон:Sfn On 29 June, a heavy shell destroyed the command post of Colonel von Vietinghoff, the commander of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110, who was forced to withdraw to another post at Contalmaison.Шаблон:Sfn
Battle
1 July
Right flank
At Шаблон:Nowrap on 1 July, the infantry of the 34th Division apart from the leading troops of the second column rose from their jumping-off trenches.Шаблон:Sfn The leading battalions attacked from the front line and those at the rear moved down from the Tara–Usna ridge into the Avoca valley. Within ten minutes, Шаблон:Nowrap the men in the leading battalions had become casualties from German machine-gun fire, which began as soon as the British bombardment lifted off the German front line. Many of the German machine-guns were in concealed positions behind the front line and had not been hit by the bombardment. Bullets swept no man's land, which was Шаблон:Cvt wide at this point and the forward slope of the Tara–Usna ridge, behind the British front line. As soon as the advance of the head of an attacking column was stopped, the rest of the column bunched up behind and made an easy target for the German defenders. The right-hand column had to advance along the convex slope on the west side of Fricourt Spur, for which the leading companies of the 15th (Service) Battalion (1st Edinburgh), The Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) (15th Royal Scots) had advanced to within Шаблон:Cvt of the German front line, before zero hour.Шаблон:Sfn
When the barrage lifted, the troops overran the German front trench on the higher part of the slope but German flanking fire from Sausage Valley and La Boisselle, forced the leading companies away from the north-east to due east on the right. The left flanking units of the rear companies and the 16th Royal Scots were shot down as they followed on. Parties of the 15th Royal Scots were left behind to attack Sausage Redoubt and the trenches in the vicinity, as the rest advanced straight up the slope straying into the XV Corps sector, held by the 21st Division. By Шаблон:Nowrap both battalions were atop the Fricourt Spur and Sausage and Scots redoubts were still occupied by German troops. The infantry advance continued for about Шаблон:Cvt, before the error in navigation was realised thirty minutes later, at Birch Tree Wood beyond the sunken road into Fricourt, where 21st Division troops were encountered.Шаблон:Sfn The British advance had taken place at the junction of Reserve Infantry Шаблон:Nowrap separating two infantry companies.Шаблон:Sfn The battalions then turned north, the 15th Royal Scots up Birch Tree Trench in the second intermediate line, towards Peake Woods, with the 16th Royal Scots in support along the Fricourt–Pozieres road, Шаблон:Cvt behind. A company of the reserve battalion of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 counter-attacked from Peake Woods, throwing hand-grenades and German troops in Scots Redoubt and the third and fourth trenches behind the Scots, engaged them with machine-gun fire.Шаблон:Sfn
The German attack inflicted many casualties and forced the 15th Royal Scots back to Birch Tree Wood, Shelter Wood and repulsed the 16th Royal Scots and parties from the second column, to Round Wood. The Scots then began an advance to Wood Alley and Scots Redoubt, incorporating parties separated from other units and captured both positions.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the Royal Scots had advanced beyond the first objective and faced the Contalmaison Spur Шаблон:Cvt beyond. German accounts recorded that a party of the 16th Royal Scots got into the village of Contalmaison before being annihilated. The 27th Northumberland Fusiliers (27th Northumberland) which had followed behind the Royal Scots, had been pinned down in no man's land by massed machine-gun fire. Small groups had managed to press on to the Fricourt–Pozières road and some parties accompanied by a few 24th Northumberland from the left-hand brigade column got to Acid Drop Copse and the fringe of Contalmaison. As news filtered back, Gore sent the 16th Royal Scots headquarters forward to take command and the positions gained were consolidated, creating a defensive flank for the XV Corps.Шаблон:Sfn
The brigade column on the left advanced five minutes after the rest of the division, to avoid debris from the Lochnagar mine and because the German line to the south curved back around Sausage Valley. The mine was sprung on time at Шаблон:Nowrap and left a crater Шаблон:Cvt wide, Шаблон:Cvt deep and with lips Шаблон:Cvt above ground level, killing most of the 5th Company of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The delay was unnecessary and the column had a greater distance to advance than the third brigade column to the left.Шаблон:Efn With the column behind the two on either side, German troops had more time to get ready in the trenches and in Sausage Redoubt (Шаблон:Lang), where the north face was on the flank of the column advance. Small-arms fire from Sausage Redoubt, the trenches nearby in Sausage Valley and from La Boisselle, which had hit the right-hand column, was turned on to the second column and within two minutes the 10th (Service) Battalion Royal Lincolnshire Regiment (the Grimsby Chums) and the 11th (Service) Battalion Suffolk Regiment had been raked by machine-gun fire, before they had got beyond the British front line and the 11th Suffolk was also bombarded by German artillery.Шаблон:Sfn
Only isolated parties crossed no man's land and those on the right which attacked Sausage Redoubt, were burnt on the parapet by flamethrowers. Some troops of the 11th Suffolk managed to advance and join the first brigade column survivors on the Fricourt Spur but most of the first two battalions were unable to cross no man's land and the 24th Northumberland was held back in the British front line, although some troops had set off before the order arrived. The troops took what cover existed in no man's land and some of the men from the three battalions in the column, reached the crater of Lochnagar mine and dug in. A counter-attack from the 4th Company of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110, forced British troops back to the crater by midday.Шаблон:Sfn The party from the right-hand column left behind to capture Sausage Redoubt, tried to bomb towards it but were repulsed and two attempts by a Field Company RE and a company of the 18th Northumberland (Pioneers) Battalion to cross no man's land failed and the brigade column had to lie in no man's land and wait for dark.Шаблон:Sfn
Left flank
The first of the 102nd Brigade columns, with the 21st and 22nd Northumberland supported by the 26th Northumberland of the 103rd Brigade, had tried to advance on the north side of the Lochnagar crater blown under Шаблон:Lang and just south of La Boisselle. The column advanced as the mine was sprung and having only Шаблон:Cvt of no man's land to cross, managed to overrun Шаблон:Lang and advance along the west side of Sausage Valley just below the village. The troops get beyond the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang trenches but the right flank was unsupported due to the disaster to the brigade column on the right. Parties of bombers attacked towards La Boisselle to cover the 102nd Brigade columns as they moved past but were repulsed, despite the Stokes mortar bombardment on the village, which had been falling for twelve minutes. As soon as the garrison emerged unharmed from deep shelters under the village, they engaged the third column with machine-guns and enfiladed the British infantry, as they tried to move past and caused many casualties to all three battalions.Шаблон:Sfn
The survivors still managed to reach Шаблон:Lang, the first intermediate line across the Contalmaison road and some men reached Bailiff Wood, Шаблон:Cvt from Contalmaison village. German counter-attacks by an improvised unit of runners, telephonists and pioneers, near a battery of Reserve Field Artillery Regiment 28, were made on the Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The 22nd Northumberland was forced back to Шаблон:Lang, where about Шаблон:Nowrap dug in along Шаблон:Cvt of trench.Шаблон:Sfn The fourth brigade column, with the 20th Northumberland and 23rd Northumberland of the 102nd Brigade and the 25th Northumberland of the 103rd Brigade, was to pass beyond the Glory Hole and north of La Boisselle. The German front line followed the contours of Mash Valley north of the La Boisselle Spur, which was Шаблон:Cvt east of the British front line. Y Sap Mine was exploded on time but as soon as the advance began, the column was engaged by German machine-gunners in La Boisselle and Ovillers and also received some artillery-fire.Шаблон:Efn
The leading battalions kept going and most of the troops were shot down in no man's land, although some managed to reach the second trench before being killed. The flanking parties were repulsed from the village and the 25th Northumberland in the rear was also cut down in no man's land, most of the battalion and brigade staffs becoming casualties too. The survivors of the fourth brigade column withdrew to the British front line. Thick smoke and dust obscured the view of 34th Division observers and until Шаблон:Nowrap exaggerated reports of success had been believed and some field artillery was ordered to advance. No troops were in reserve to resume the attack and at Шаблон:Nowrap a battalion of the 19th Division was sent forward but an attack by this battalion and the last company of the pioneer battalion was cancelled, two brigades of the 19th Division being sent forward to attack after dark instead.Шаблон:Sfn
Troops near Sausage Redoubt (Шаблон:Lang), made attempts to capture the position and at Шаблон:Nowrap a bombardment was fired on the redoubt and adjacent trenches until Шаблон:Nowrap when a force from the 21st Division began to bomb north along the German front line, as a party from the 34th Division attacked southwards from the Lochnagar crater but the shell-fire had no effect. The first line of troops from the crater, lost Шаблон:Nowrap thirty men as soon as they advanced and the 21st Division troops were halted almost immediately. By nightfall, two communication trenches had been dug across no man's land, either side of the redoubt and another had been dug by the 21st Division, which gave access to the Royal Scots at Birch Tree and Round woods. On the left flank, three tunnels which had been dug before the attack and one was used as a covered way, to reach the Tyneside Scottish in the German defences south of La Boisselle and supply water, food and ammunition, which enabled the footholds to be held.Шаблон:Efn The remaining troops of the 10th Lincolns and the 11th Suffolk managed to retire during the night to the front line, where they were later relieved by the 19th Division.Шаблон:Sfn A night attack by the 19th Division, due to begin at Шаблон:Nowrap was cancelled as the 57th and 58th brigades were not able to get forward, over ground which had been churned by the bombardment and was covered with the dead of the morning attack; communications trenches were found to be full of walking-wounded and stretcher bearers.Шаблон:Sfn
2 July
By dawn the 9th Cheshires of the 58th Brigade (Brigadier-General A. J. W. Dowell) had arrived at Шаблон:Lang and relieved the 34th Division troops. An attack by the 58th Brigade only was ordered for Шаблон:Nowrap as the 57th Brigade was still moving up. The German defenders had ceased firing and supplies were easily moved across no man's land to the two footholds and two companies of the 7th East Lancs of the 56th Brigade (Brigadier-General F. G. M. Rowley) were put under the command of the 34th Division, to attack Sausage Redoubt.Шаблон:Sfn At Шаблон:Nowrap the 26th Reserve Division headquarters ordered that Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 was to retire through La Boisselle and that Ovillers was to be held to the last man.Шаблон:Sfn The companies advanced across Шаблон:Cvt of no man's land in the afternoon and bombed into the redoubt.Шаблон:Sfn
The attackers then carried on to trenches beyond and consolidated a line about Шаблон:Cvt wide, having taken Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn As a ruse, the 58th Brigade attack was preceded by a bombardment on Ovillers from Шаблон:Nowrap and a smoke screen released at zero hour. The deception succeeded and German artillery fired on Ovillers but not La Boisselle, where a frontal attack was made by the 6th Battalion, Wiltshire Regiment and the 9th Royal Welch Fusiliers (9th RWF). The attackers got across no man's land and captured the German front line trench with few casualties and the rest of the 9th Cheshire attacked on the right. As the Germans recovered from the surprise, resistance increased and the British systematically searched for and bombed the German underground shelters. The area was visible from the British lines and artillery support enabled the infantry to occupy the west end of the village by Шаблон:Nowrap and dig in near the church.Шаблон:Sfn
3 July
During an attack on Ovillers by the 12th Division, which had relieved the remnants of the 8th Division, a company strayed southwards towards La Boisselle and trapped Шаблон:Nowrap troops, who surrendered and were handed over to the 19th Division. The 57th Brigade had moved up on the left of the 58th Brigade and at Шаблон:Nowrap the 8th (Service) Battalion, The Prince of Wales's (North Staffordshire Regiment) and bombers of the 5th South Wales Borderers (Pioneers) attacked between La Boisselle and the Albert–Bapaume road, with the 10th Battalion, Worcestershire Regiment on the left flank. At Шаблон:Nowrap both brigades attacked, to advance beyond the village to a trench Шаблон:Cvt and gain touch with the divisions on the flanks. By bombing and fighting hand-to-hand, the British gradually drove the remnants of Reserve Infantry 110 and reinforcements from Infantry Regiment 23 from the village and took Шаблон:Nowrap The underground fortifications in the village had withstood the recent bombardments and attempts to signal with flares that the village had been captured led to the German artillery bombarding the village with howitzers and mortars, followed by a counter-attack by Infantry Regiment 190 of the 185th Division, which drove the British back from the east end of the village. Reinforcements from the 10th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and 8th Battalion Gloucestershire Regiment went forward and eventually a line was stabilised through the church ruins, about Шаблон:Cvt beyond the start line of the British attack. The 34th Division troops on the right flank of the corps area tried to link with the 19th Division but after three attacks stopped the attempt. After dark, the 23rd Division began to relieve the 34th Division with the 69th Brigade.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
4–6 July
Rain fell during the night of Шаблон:Nowrap and showers during the day ended in a thunderstorm all afternoon. Troops were soaked, trenches flooded and the ground turned to deep mud and clung to boots and hooves; the RFC was mostly grounded but managed to register some artillery and reconnoitre Mametz Wood. At Шаблон:Nowrap the 56th Brigade of the 19th Division attacked at La Boisselle with the 7th King's Own, which bombed up trenches with covering fire from machine-guns and Stokes mortars. Determined resistance by the German defenders held back the British until Шаблон:Nowrap when all but some ruins at the north end had been captured. The 23rd Division attacked towards the 19th Division at Шаблон:Nowrap with bombing parties from the 9th Green Howards and fighting at Horseshoe Trench went on until Шаблон:Nowrap when a German counter-attack forced the British back. Another counter-attack in the afternoon led to most of the 69th Brigade being sent forward.Шаблон:Sfn Around Шаблон:Nowrap the British attacked over the open and captured Horseshoe Trench and Lincoln Redoubt. The 19th Division attacked at the east side of La Boisselle but the bombers were repulsed. The 1st Sherwood Foresters arrived from the 23rd Division as a reinforcement but the 9th Colberg (Graf Gneisenau) (2nd Pomeranian) Grenadiers of the 3rd Guard Division also arrived and neither side managed to advance; during the night the 12th Division relieved the 57th Brigade at La Boisselle. The area between the 23rd Division on the right and the 19th Division around La Boisselle was attacked at Шаблон:Nowrap by bombing parties of the 7th East Lancs, was repulsed but a second attack over the open succeeded, after which three German counter-attacks were defeated.Шаблон:Sfn
Air operations
The explosion of the Lochnagar and Y Sap mines was witnessed from the air by 2nd Lieutenant C.A. Lewis of 3 Squadron, flying a Morane Parasol;
aircraft of 3 Squadron flew over the III Corps sector and observers reported that the 34th Division had reached Peake Wood on the right flank, increasing the size of the salient driven into the German lines north of Fricourt. The villages of La Boisselle and Ovillers had not fallen. On 3 July, air observers noted flares lit in the village during the evening, which were used to plot the positions reached by British infantry.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Analysis
In the days after 1 July, it was found that the bombardment had not damaged the German Шаблон:Lang and that at Шаблон:Nowrap on 30 June, a listening post equipped with a Шаблон:Lang device, had eavesdropped a British telephone conversation, which made it certain that the attack was to begin the next day. The Moritz device operators overheard orders that the British infantry were to hold on to every yard of ground gained. The message had been sent by the Fourth Army headquarters on 30 June at Шаблон:Nowrap
The III Corps divisions had lost more than Шаблон:Nowrap and had failed to capture La Boisselle or Ovillers; only small footholds had been gained on the XV Corps boundary and at Шаблон:Lang. The defences of Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 had been destroyed and dugout entrances had only been kept open by constant digging. No German casualties were reported after the Y Sap mine detonation, as the defences nearby had been evacuated but Lochnagar mine caused great damage and delayed the survivors from emerging from dugouts. Hand-to-hand fighting took place and the garrison was driven from Шаблон:Lang and the trench further back.Шаблон:Sfn
In 2005, Prior and Wilson wrote that the task of III Corps was made difficult by the topography of the corps sector, since behind the British front there was no cover and that even small bodies of troops moving in daylight would attract massed machine-gun and artillery fire. La Boisselle and Ovillers across the road, had been fortified and entrenched, further north the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang Salient in the X Corps area dominated the left of the III Corps sector, which left the 8th and 34th divisions dependent on the effectiveness of the X Corps bombardment. No man's land in the 34th Division sector varied from Шаблон:Cvt and Prior and Wilson wrote that they had found no particular attention had been given to the way that the infantry were to cross the wider parts. As the preliminary bombardment was fired, it was seen that the German infantry in the front line was still able to observe the British front line and fire on parties in no man's land. The 34th Division plan of attack committed all of the infantry battalions, which left no immediate reserve. The mines were expected to provide some protection against German machine-gun fire by creating mounds around the crater rims and a smoke screen was to cover La Boisselle at zero hour, although the wind blew it away from the village. Prior and Wilson criticised the bombardment plan for lifting the heavy artillery off the German front line at Шаблон:Nowrap thirty minutes before the infantry advance, which meant that its fire for the rest of the day was ineffective.Шаблон:Sfn
Field artillery and field howitzers were left to suppress the German defenders for the last thirty minutes but had little destructive power against field fortifications. The advance towards Шаблон:Lang was to begin five minutes later than the rest of the brigade columns on either side which gave the Germans nearby time to recover. The German Шаблон:Lang eavesdroppers warned of the imminent attack, enabled the Germans to vacate the underground shelters near Y Sap in time and shoot down the infantry of the fourth brigade column. The Lochnagar mine blast had more effect and British troops gained a shallow foothold in the German defences in the vicinity and were able to hold on despite German counter-attacks. The advance of the 103rd Brigade was over ground with a fold, which meant that the disastrous attack by the preceding brigades could not be seen as the brigade was hit by artillery and machine-gun fire, which inflicted Шаблон:Nowrap before the troops had reached the British front line. Prior and Wilson wrote that the attack had gained a derisory amount of ground and that the condition of the 34th Division was reduced to the point that the 19th Division was rushed forward, in case of a German counter-attack on Albert. Prior and Wilson wrote that III Corps planning had been unimaginative, yet the failure of the artillery bombardment would have doomed any plan. The bombardment had been spread over too wide an area and against too many targets, which left the German front line garrisons mostly intact at zero hour, easily capable of defeating the attack.Шаблон:Sfn In 2008, Harris called the III Corps attack an unmitigated disaster.Шаблон:Sfn
Casualties
On 1 July, the 34th Division suffered the largest number of casualties of the British divisions engaged, losing Шаблон:Nowrap The 15th Royal Scots had Шаблон:Nowrap and the 16th Royal Scots lost Шаблон:Nowrap The Grimsby Chums lost Шаблон:Nowrap and the 11th Suffolk had Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn In 1921, the 34th Division historian, J. Shakespear using records compiled just after the division was relieved, write that in three days, the 101st Brigade had lost Шаблон:Nowrap the 102nd Brigade had Шаблон:Nowrap and the 103rd Brigade incurred Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn Wyrall, the 19th Division historian, wrote in 1932 that the capture of La Boisselle cost the division about Шаблон:Nowrap and that Шаблон:Circa were taken.Шаблон:Sfn Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 lost Шаблон:Nowrap from Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn In 2013, Whitehead calculated that Reserve Infantry Regiment 110 lost Шаблон:Nowrap killed in the village and the right-hand defensive sectors on 1 July but could not give a figure for the wounded.Шаблон:Sfn
Subsequent operations
On 7 July in the III Corps area, the 68th Brigade of the 23rd Division was delayed by the barrage on Bailiff Wood until Шаблон:Nowrap when a battalion reached the southern fringe, before machine-gun fire from Contalmaison forced them back Шаблон:Cvt, as a fresh battalion worked along a trench towards the 19th Division on the left flank. The attack on Contalmaison by the 24th Brigade was delayed until after Шаблон:Nowrap when two battalions attacked from Pearl Alley and Shelter Wood, Contalmaison being entered and occupied up to the church after a thirty-minute battle, in which several counter-attacks were repulsed but the attack from Shelter Wood failed. An attempt to attack again was cancelled due to the mud, a heavy German barrage and lack of fresh troops.Шаблон:Sfn On the left the 19th Division bombers skirmished all day and at Шаблон:Nowrap a warning from an observer in a reconnaissance aircraft, led to an advance by German troops towards Bailiff Wood being ambushed and stopped by small-arms fire. An advance on the left flank, in support of a 12th Division attack on Ovillers, got forward about Шаблон:Cvt and reached the north end of Ovillers.Шаблон:Sfn
On 9 July, the 23rd Division attacked south and west of Contalmaison and a German counter-attack by Infantry Regiment 183 of the 183rd Division at Шаблон:Nowrap was repulsed with many casualties. The British attacked again at Шаблон:Nowrap on 10 July and managed to occupy Bailiff Wood and trenches either side. After a thirty-minute bombardment, a creeping barrage moved in five short lifts through the village to the eastern fringe, as every machine-gun in the division fired on the edges of the village and the approaches. The attack moved forward in four waves, with mopping-up parties following, through return fire from the garrison and reached a trench at the edge of the village, forcing the survivors to retreat into Contalmaison. The waves broke up into groups which advanced faster than the barrage.Шаблон:Sfn Only Шаблон:Circa of the I Battalion, Grenadier Regiment 9 made it back; the village was consolidated inside a box barrage.Шаблон:Sfn
1918
After the Battle of Albert (1916) Шаблон:Nowrap La Boisselle became a backwater. The village was re-captured by the Germans on 25 March 1918, during the retreat of the 47th Division and the 12th (Eastern) Division in Operation Michael, the German spring offensive.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In the afternoon, air reconnaissance saw that the British defence of the line from Montauban and Ervillers was collapsing and the RFC squadrons in the area made a maximum effort to disrupt the German advance.Шаблон:Sfn The village and vicinity were recaptured for the last time on 26 August by the 38th (Welsh) Division during the Second Battle of Bapaume.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Gallery
See also
Notes
Footnotes
References
Books Шаблон:Refbegin
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Encyclopaedias
Websites
Further reading
Books Шаблон:Refbegin
Theses
Websites
External links
- official site of the Lochnagar Crater
- La Boisselle Study Group
- Ovillers–La Boisselle photo essay
- Grimsby Roll of Honour, 1914–1919
- Ovillers and la Boiselle
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Английская Википедия
- Conflicts in 1916
- 1916 in France
- Battle of the Somme
- Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
- Battles of World War I involving France
- Battles of World War I involving Germany
- Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
- Ovillers-la-Boisselle
- July 1916 events
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
