Английская Википедия:Capture of Wytschaete
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Infobox military conflict The Capture of Wytschaete was a tactical incident in the Battle of Messines (7–14 June 1917) on the Western Front during the First World War. On 7 June, the ridge was attacked by the British Second Army; the 36th (Ulster) Division and the 16th (Irish) Division of IX Corps captured the fortified village of Wytschaete on the plateau of Messines Ridge, which had been held by the German 4th Army since the First Battle of Ypres (19 October – 22 November 1914).
In April 1917, the senior German commanders in Flanders were willing to contemplate a retirement from the Messines salient (Шаблон:Lang) but the local Шаблон:Lang (corps) and divisional commanders objected. The convex slope of the eastern side of the ridge would obstruct artillery observation and the proximity of the Ypres–Comines Canal and the river Lys would hamper the assembly of reserves. The Germans had spent two years fortifying the defences and the local commanders had been assured that British mining attempts had been defeated.
The British attack at Messines was set for 7 June and the plan included the detonation of deep mines that had been laid under the German front position since 1915. IX Corps was due to attack the apex of the German salient and advance Шаблон:Cvt, to capture the fortified village of Wytschaete and the far side of the plateau. The divisional boundary of the 36th (Ulster) Division and the 16th (Irish) Division ran through the village and battalions of both divisions overran the remaining defenders and captured the village by Шаблон:Nowrap
The German 2nd Division occupied the Wytschaete sector and its infantry was devastated by the seven mine explosions along its part of the front position. The defenders in the village had also suffered severely in heavy artillery and gas bombardments and were not able to resist a British tank and the Irish infantry who overran the village, although at considerable cost to the 16th (Irish) Division. The Шаблон:Lang commander, Шаблон:Lang (Lieutenant-General) Maximilian von Laffert was sacked after the battle; writing after the war, Шаблон:Lang Hermann von Kuhl wrote that had Crown Prince Rupprecht overruled the local commanders on 30 April, the Germans would have avoided one of the "worst tragedies of the war".
Background
Messines ridge
A chain of low hills runs from south-west to north-east around the Belgian city of Ypres in West Flanders, with spurs extending from the east side of the ridge. A spur from Wytschaete to Messines is also a ridge and runs for about Шаблон:Cvt south-east from Wytschaete. The ridge has a shallow decline on the east side but an incline of up to Шаблон:Nowrap the west side. South of the ridge is the marshy valley of the Douve river, then Ploegsteert (Plugstreet to the British) Wood and Hill 63. The Wulverghem (also Spanbroekmolen) Spur is parallel to the ridge on the west side, the Oosttaverne Spur is to the east and lesser spurs descend towards Gheluvelt, Becelaere and Keiberg. South of Ypres, the land is marked by low ridges and shallow depressions; the ridge blocks access to the district of Heuvelland from Werviq, Comines and Warneton in the Lys valley to the east.Шаблон:Sfn In 1917, the two villages on the flat-topped ridge were in ruins but had been fortified for all-round defence. The plateau extended further north, via a sunken road known as Damm Strasse to the White Château on the south side of the Ypres–Comines canal. North of the canal is Hill 60, Observatory Ridge, Stirling Castle and Zonnebeke.Шаблон:Sfn
Battle of Messines (1914)
The British 1st Cavalry Division occupied Messines on 14 October 1914. German troops began to attack the ridge during the morning of 21 October and slowly forced back the British left flank. Next day the 2nd Cavalry Division dug in and by 31 October held a line just in front of Messines village. Early in the morning, the Germans attacked and overran the defences on the south-east side of the village but were forced back as dawn broke, as were attackers further north. As mist cleared German artillery bombarded the village and after more attacks the British began slowly to retire to the west side of the village and after a lull the Germans began to fight hand-to hand through the village. During the afternoon, British counter-attacks forced back the German infantry but recaptured few houses.Шаблон:Sfn The 2nd Cavalry Division held a Шаблон:Cvt line further north was also attacked on 31 October but no ground was lost. At Шаблон:Nowrap on 1 November Messines and Wytschaete were attacked again and German infantry filtered through gaps in the line and attacked from the flanks and from behind and by early in the morning had captured Wytschaete and the ridge between the villages. Wytschaete was eventually re-captured by British cavalry and infantry of the French 32nd Division but the garrison of Messines was ordered to retreat at Шаблон:Nowrap to avoid being cut off from the north. By now the line further north was held by French troops, with 32nd Division troops in Wytschaete, which was attacked on 2 November from the south by the 6th Bavarian Reserve Division; the French being forced out of the village.Шаблон:Sfn
4th Army
The 4th Army (Шаблон:Lang (Lieutenant-General) Sixt von Armin) began operations in Belgium in 1914 and by 1917 held the Western Front from the junction with the 6th Army at Warneton north to Dixsmude (Diksmuide), as part of Шаблон:Lang (Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria, Шаблон:Lang Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria).Шаблон:Sfn The 4th Army defences on Messines Ridge were held by the divisions of Шаблон:Lang, the IX Reserve Corps headquarters, with the 204th, 35th, 2nd (holding the Wytschaete sector), 40th Division (being relieved by the 3rd Bavarian Division) and the 4th Bavarian Division, where the front line had settled during the Battles of Ypres in 1914.Шаблон:Sfnm The German defences were on a forward slope and overlooked from Haubourdin Hill Шаблон:Nowrap south of the Douve valley and Kemmel Hill, Шаблон:Cvt west of Wytschaete; the battles of 1916 showed that forward slope defences had been made obsolete. In February 1917, work began on the Шаблон:Lang, incorporating the experience of the Battle of the Somme, Шаблон:Cvt behind Messines ridge, northwards from the Lys at Werviq, shielded from view and giving good artillery observation to the west.Шаблон:Sfn
In April, Rupprecht and his chief of staff, Lieutenant-General Hermann von Kuhl, favoured withdrawal to the Шаблон:Lang, a reserve line just west of Warneton, to forestall a British attack. The divisional commanders objected, having been assured that counter-mining had neutralised the British underground threat and because of the inferiority of the Шаблон:Lang as a defensive position. The convex eastern slope of Messines Ridge limited artillery observation and beyond the ridge, the Ypres–Comines Canal and the river Lys restricted the space below the ridge where infantry could manoeuvre for counter-attacks. British observation from the ridge would make the ground to the east untenable as far back as the Шаблон:Lang. A Шаблон:Cvt withdrawal to the east would uncover the southern slopes of Menin Ridge, the most vital part of Шаблон:Lang position. Rupprecht re-examined the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang (Oosttaverne Line to the British) to the west between the Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang (high line) on the ridge and dropped the withdrawal proposal.Шаблон:Sfn By June, Шаблон:Lang had Шаблон:Nowrap guns, Шаблон:Nowrap guns and Шаблон:Nowrap guns and howitzers on its Шаблон:Cvt front from St Yves to Mt Sorrel.Шаблон:Sfn
Prelude
German defences
The German front line regiments in the Шаблон:Lang (Wytschatete arc/salient) held areas Шаблон:Cvt wide with one (the Шаблон:Lang, battle battalion) forward, a second (Шаблон:Lang, readiness battalion) in support and the third (Шаблон:Lang, rest battalion) in reserve Шаблон:Cvt back.Шаблон:Sfn About Шаблон:Nowrap posts per regimental sector were dispersed around the defensive zone. The German defence was intended to be mobile and Шаблон:Lang in Ic the third breastwork, were to conduct immediate counter-attacks to recapture Ia and Ib. If they had to fall back, the support battalions would advance to restore the front system, except at Spanbroekmolen, which due to its importance was to be held at all costs (Шаблон:Lang).Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang (General Maximilian von Laffert) held Wytschaete with the 2nd Division on a front of Шаблон:Cvt; the front position was lightly held, with strongpoints distributed up to Шаблон:Cvt back.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of May, British artillery fire was so damaging that the relief of the 2nd Division was promised for Шаблон:Nowrap June.Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Lang was substantially reinforced with artillery, ammunition and aircraft and the 35th and 3rd Bavarian divisions, which had been trained as Шаблон:Lang (specialist counter-attack divisions), were used to relieve the Шаблон:Lang and to replace them, two divisions were transferred from Шаблон:Lang, which did not know the area and had no Шаблон:Lang training. Шаблон:Sfn
The preliminary bombardment began on 8 May and intensified on 23 May. The breastworks of the front position trenches were demolished and concrete shelters on both sides of the ridge were systematically destroyed. Air superiority allowed the British artillery observation aircraft to cruise over the German defences, despite the efforts of Jagdgeschwader 1 (JG 1, the Richthofen Circus) of the Шаблон:Lang. On 26 May, the German front garrisons were ordered to move forward Шаблон:Cvt into shell-holes in no man's land at dawn and return to their shelters at night. When the shelters were destroyed, the shell-hole positions were made permanent, as were those of the support companies further back. Troops in the Шаблон:Lang were withdrawn behind the ridge and by the end of May, the front battalions were being relieved every two days instead of every five, to maintain their battle-worthiness.Шаблон:Sfn The village of Wytschaete was on the summit of the ridge and the main defensive position at the north end of the plateau, having been fortified and prepared for all-round defence. A line of trenches traced the edge of the village and an inner line went round the houses at the village square and the church. The most formidable part of the defences were machine-gun nests in emplacements and house cellars along the western fringe of the village.Шаблон:Sfn
Some troops on the ridge were convinced that their positions had been undermined and their morale was depressed further by a prisoner taken on 6 June, who said that the attack would be synchronised with mine explosions.Шаблон:Sfn On 1 June, the British bombardment became more intense and nearly every German defensive position on the forward slope was obliterated. British heavy and super-heavy artillery bombardments Wytschaete on 3 June and were followed up by a gas bombardment from the field artillery, which smashed many of the defensive positions in the village. Infantry Regiment 44 lost 57 men killed and 198 wounded from 1 to 6 June, Grenadier Regiment 4 and Fusilier Regiment 33 having about the same number of casualties each.Шаблон:Sfnm The German air effort reached its maximum from Шаблон:Nowrap when German aircraft observed Шаблон:Nowrap counter-battery shoots. Wireless interception by the British showed that Шаблон:Nowrap German aircraft escorted by up to seven fighters each, were directing the German artillery reply against the Second Army.Шаблон:Sfn British air observation on the reverse slope was less effective than in the foreground but Messines and Wytschaete villages were demolished, as were much of the Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (Oosttaverne Line) although many pill boxes survived. Long-range fire on Comines, Warneton, Wervicq, smaller villages, road junctions, railways and bridges caused much damage and several ammunition dumps were destroyed.Шаблон:Sfn
British preparations
The British had begun to mine under Messines Ridge in 1916; sappers tunnelled into a layer of blue clay Шаблон:Cvt below the surface, then drifted galleries to points deep underneath the German front position. Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and British miners laid 26 mines with Шаблон:Cvt of ammonal explosive. On the right flank of the 36th (Ulster) Division the 107th Brigade faced three mines at Kruisstraat and Шаблон:Cvt north was the larger Spanbroekmolen mine. The mine close to Peckham House was opposite the 109th Brigade on the left flank. The 47th Brigade of the 16th (Irish) Division was to advance into the area of the Maedelstede mine and the 49th Brigade past two at Petit Bois. On the left of the 16th (Irish) Division, the 19th (Western) Division was also to advance with the assistance of mines north of Wytschaete.Шаблон:Sfn
The Second Army devised a centralised artillery plan of great sophistication, using field survey, gun calibration, weather data and a new and highly accurate Шаблон:Nowrap map, to increase the accuracy of British artillery.Шаблон:Sfn Wire cutting bombardments had to destroy about Шаблон:Cvt of barbed wire and using the new methods, all German guns within Шаблон:Cvt of the attack front were to be neutralised.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Methodical target-finding with new sound-ranging equipment, better organisation of flash-spotting and the centralisation of command at a new Army Report Centre, based at Locre Château were introduced. Second Army counter-battery artillery bombardments increased from twelve in the week ending 19 April, to Шаблон:Nowrap in the last ten days before the attack.Шаблон:Sfn IX Corps arranged four counter-battery groups, each with one heavy artillery group and five bombardment groups, one for each of its three attacking divisions and two (with the heaviest howitzers) in reserve. A Heavy Artillery Group Commander was attached to each divisional artillery headquarters, to command the heavy artillery once the infantry attack began. The IX Corps field artillery groups and sub-groups were formed to have an artillery liaison officer for every infantry brigade, with two sub-groups, one with six Шаблон:Nowrap batteries and one with six Шаблон:Nowrap batteries.Шаблон:Sfn
Surplus field artillery brigade headquarters planned forward moves for the guns and were kept ready to replace casualties.Шаблон:Sfn It was expected that much of the artillery would need to switch rapidly from bombardment to engaging German counter-attacks and divisional Forward Observation Officers (FOOs) were to control the artillery which had remained in place. The reserve divisions due to advance to the Oosttaverne Line would control artillery hidden close to the front line and the guns moved forward into no man's land.Шаблон:Sfn Two thirds of the Шаблон:Nowrap were to fire a creeping barrage of shrapnel immediately ahead of the advance, while the remainder of the field guns and Шаблон:Nowrap howitzers were to fire a standing barrage, Шаблон:Cvt further ahead on German positions and lift to the next target, when the infantry came within Шаблон:Convert of the barrage. Each division was given four extra batteries of field artillery, which could be withdrawn from the barrage at the divisional commander's discretion to engage local targets.Шаблон:Sfn The field batteries of the three reserve divisions were placed in camouflaged positions, close to the British front line. As each objective was taken by the infantry, the creeping barrage was to pause Шаблон:Cvt ahead and become a standing barrage, while the infantry consolidated. During this time the pace of fire was to slacken to one round per-gun per-minute, allowing the gun-crews a respite, before resuming full intensity as the barrage moved on.Шаблон:Sfn
The heavy and super-heavy artillery was to fire on German artillery positions and rear areas and Шаблон:Nowrap were to fire a barrage over the heads of the advancing troops.Шаблон:Sfn In the week up to 7 June, Шаблон:Nowrap and howitzers bombarded the German trenches, cut wire, destroyed strong-points and conducted counter-battery fire against the Шаблон:Nowrap guns opposite, using Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn The intensity of bombardment in the salient began to increase on 8 May, wire cutting began on 21 May and an extra two days were added to the bombardment for more counter-battery fire. The general bombardment intensified again from 23 May, smashing the German breastworks in the first position and the pillboxes on the forward slope. The main bombardment began on 31 May, with only one day of poor weather before the attack and until the infantry advance, more than 3,000,000 shells were fired on a Шаблон:Cvt front.Шаблон:Sfn The attack barrage was rehearsed on 3 June to allow British air observers to plot masked German batteries, which mainly remained hidden but many minor flaws in the British barrage were reported. A repeat performance on 5 June induced a larger number of hidden German batteries to open fire and reveal themselves.Шаблон:Sfn Wytschaete was subjected to a special super-heavy bombardment and the garrison from Grenadier Regiment 4 reported that the village was smashed by columns of shells dropping onto the village.Шаблон:Sfn
Air operations
Two flights of each artillery-observation squadron concentrated on counter-battery observation and one became a bombardment flight, working with particular artillery bombardment groups for wire-cutting and trench-destruction; when the attack began, these flights undertook contact-patrols to observe the positions of British troops.Шаблон:Sfn German artillery positions and the Шаблон:Lang were on the reverse slope and not visible to British ground observers. For observation over the rear slopes of the ridge, Шаблон:Nowrap were concentrated in II Brigade RFC and eight balloons of II Kite Balloon Wing were placed Шаблон:Cvt behind the British front line.Шаблон:Sfn
British fighter aircraft tried to prevent German aircraft observing for their artillery, by dominating the air from the British front line to the German balloon line, about Шаблон:Cvt beyond. The "barrage line" was patrolled all day for the week before the attack by fighters at Шаблон:Cvt, with more at Шаблон:Cvt in the centre of the attack front.Шаблон:Sfn The weather was fair or fine except for Шаблон:Nowrap, when it was very bad).Шаблон:Sfn No British corps aircraft were shot down by German aircraft until 7 June, when Шаблон:Nowrap aircraft were directing artillery fire simultaneously.Шаблон:Sfn
Behind the British barrage line was a second line of defence, which used wireless interception to take bearings on German artillery observation aircraft and guide British aircraft into areas where German flights were most frequent. Aeroplane compass stations and an aeroplane intercepting station, were linked by telephone to the army wing headquarters, fighter squadrons, the anti-aircraft commander and the corps heavy artillery headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn Areas threatened by German bombardment could be warned, German artillery-observation aircraft could be attacked and German artillery batteries fired on, when they revealed themselves. From Шаблон:Nowrap, II Brigade had Шаблон:Nowrap through wireless interception, shot down one German aircraft, damaged seven and stopped Шаблон:Nowrap artillery bombardments.Шаблон:Sfn
Normal offensive patrols continued beyond the barrage line out to Ypres to Roulers and Menin, where after German air reinforcements had arrived, large formations of British and German aircraft clashed in long dogfights. Longer-range bombing and reconnaissance flights concentrated on German-occupied airfields and railway stations; the night bombing specialists of 100 Squadron attacked trains around Lille, Courtrai, Roulers and Comines.Шаблон:Sfn Two squadrons were reserved for close air support on the battlefield and low attacks on German airfields.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn There was a thunderstorm in the evening of 6 June but by midnight the sky had cleared and at Шаблон:Nowrap British aircraft cruised over the German lines, to camouflage the sound of tanks as they drove to their starting points.Шаблон:Sfn
IX Corps preparations
The 2nd Field Survey Company (2nd FSC) set up W Section for sound-ranging in the IX Corps sector, which provided targeting information for the corps counter-battery artillery.Шаблон:Sfn Communication was to be by visual means, messenger pigeon, wireless, Fullerphone, runners and SOS rockets. Two cable lines up to the front line were buried by the Royal Engineers Signal Service for the Fullerphones and advanced bases were chosen in the German lines at Spanbroekmolen and Peckham, to be connected by armoured cables across no man's land. When the infantry reached the final objective the advanced stations were to move up to the crest of the ridge. Brigade intelligence sections were to set up observation posts at Spanbroekmolen and Peckham and battalion intelligence sections were to follow their battalions and find places to observe the infantry up to the final objective and send scouts to contact flanking battalions and establish the situation. A divisional signal station was installed on Kemmel Hill in line of sight with the brigade advanced sections to communicate via Lucas lamp.Шаблон:Sfn
Attack training took place on ground marked to show the German defences and officers of flanking battalions attended training sessions to ensure that plans were compatible. A scale model of the ridge was built by the IX Corps Chief Engineer on the Scherpenberg Hill between Locre and La Clytte, with boards around the edges for about a company of men to examine the model together. To assist with communication a message map was devised with the map on one side and a form on the other containing a list of the information needed by the recipient to act on it. Supply dumps for the 36th, 16th and 19th divisions were established at Lindenhoek crossroads, on the Lindenhoek–Neuve Eglise road and beyond these was an advanced dump a brigade dump and one for each of the six attacking battalions. A pack-transport system and Шаблон:Nowrap packs for carriers were issued, along with plans to carry up a hot meal to the front line on the midnight before the attack. Oranges, Oxo cubes, chewing-gum and lime juice were issued to each man and every fourth man had a tin of solidified alcohol for cooking.Шаблон:Sfn
The 16th (Irish) Division began training for the attack in April, the 49th Brigade rehearsing over a replica of the ground around Wytschaete, during which the junior officers were put under great pressure to perform. The division used the model of Messines Ridge near the Scherpenberg for everyone to become familiar with Wytschaete and the vicinity; the model was adapted to every German alteration to the defences as the British artillery smashed some and the Germans dug others. The division patrolled and raided almost nightly to gather information; a raid on 27 May consisting of Шаблон:Nowrap took Шаблон:Nowrap killed Шаблон:Nowrap troops and lifted many valuable documents and reconnaissance photographs, for Шаблон:Nowrap On 4 June, Шаблон:Nowrap raided Wytschaete Wood, killed Шаблон:Nowrap and captured Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn From Шаблон:Nowrap the 16th (Irish) divisional artillery Шаблон:Nowrap 18-pounder field gun shells Шаблон:Nowrap 4.5-inch howitzer rounds beyond the divisional sector from Maedelstaede Farm to the Vierstraat–Wytschaete road. The attack was to be conducted by the 47th Brigade and the 49th Brigade, in which each brigade would attack on a two-battalion front, with two battalions in support, the 48th Brigade and a brigade of the 11th Division being held in reserve.Шаблон:Sfn
IX Corps Plan
IX Corps (Lieutenant-General Sir Alexander Hamilton-Gordon) was to attack Wytschaete with the 36th (Ulster) Division and 16th (Irish) Division, supported by Шаблон:Nowrap of the II Brigade, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps and the 11th (Northern) Division in reserve.Шаблон:Sfn IX Corps had three intermediate objectives, where fresh infantry would leap-frog through the troops on the objective to continue the advance to the next objective, followed by an advance down the far slope in the afternoon.Шаблон:Sfn IX Corps was to attack on a Шаблон:Cvt front, which tapered to Шаблон:Cvt on the plateau.Шаблон:Sfn At Шаблон:Nowrap the mines would be detonated and the blue line (first objective) was to be occupied by Шаблон:Nowrap followed by a two-hour pause. At Шаблон:Nowrap the advance to the black line (second objective) would begin and consolidation was to start by Шаблон:Nowrap Fresh troops from reserve would then pass through, to attack the Oosttaverne Line at Шаблон:Nowrap As soon as the black line was captured, all guns were to bombard the Oosttaverne Line, conduct counter-battery fire and place a standing barrage beyond the black line, the Шаблон:Nowrap in reserve would join the tanks still operational and join in the advance to the Oosttaverne Line.Шаблон:Sfn
Battle
IX Corps
36th (Ulster) Division
Zero hour was Шаблон:Nowrap when visibility was expected to be Шаблон:Cvt. The usual pattern of night bombardment had continued as a deception but then the mines and the British artillery were fired. Crimson cylinders of flame rose from the mines and pieces of earth landed Шаблон:Cvt distant. Black smoke rose after the flames; there was a flash, the earth shook and then a great roar moved outwards from the detonations. In twilight and dust the first wave advanced at an interval of Шаблон:Cvt in case of a German counter-barrage. The Spanbroekmolen mine was fifteen seconds late and some soldiers of the 14th Battalion Royal Irish Rifles (RIR) were knocked over, then got up and closed up to the creeping barrage. Keeping direction was difficult while going round the crater edges and platoon commanders used compasses to find the way. Men from the 25th Division on the right strayed into the 36th (Ulster) Division area causing minor congestion but the Germans still alive in the front position were incapable of resistance. Two machine-guns fired on the 109th Brigade front after the British barrage had passed over them; one gun was knocked out by rifle-grenade fire and the other by a Lewis gun.Шаблон:Sfn
The German artillery reply was poor and fell on the empty British front line as the British infantry followed the creeping barrage, reaching the red line at Шаблон:Nowrap Шаблон:Nowrap the mopping up battalion collecting prisoners. The barrage stood still for fifteen minutes and the two following companies in each battalion leapfrogged the leading ones, ready to take over the advance to the blue line. As the advance resumed, the right hand battalion of the 107th Brigade descended into the Steenbeek valley on the right; as soon as the barrage had passed, German machine-guns began to fire from L'Enfer Wood (Шаблон:Lang), Earl Farm, Skip Point and Scott Farm. Machine-guns at Skip Point fired until the 9th RIR and troops from the 14th RIR rushed them from two directions; the garrison fought on inside until more than Шаблон:Nowrap surrendered. At Scott Farm, the commander stood on the blockhouse rallying the garrison until shot down by a sniper, which caused the Germans inside to surrender. The most formidable German position below the ridge was at Jump Point but this fell quickly and the leading waves reached the blue line at Шаблон:Nowrap in contact with the flanking divisions.Шаблон:Sfn
The advance halted again and the troops began to consolidate the ground as the four battalions to attack the black line moved forward in artillery formation, the 107th Brigade battalions encountering a small amount of German artillery-fire in the Steenbeek valley but losing few casualties. At Шаблон:Nowrap the barrage began to move forward towards the green intermediate line and as the troops moved beyond it, the garrison of Pick House offered resistance. Rifle-grenades were fired along with a captured machine-gun from the flank and the troops inside surrendered. (The British Vickers gun crews had fallen behind, toiling over the crater-fields with the guns, tripods and ammunition boxes.) The 10th Battalion Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (RIF) to the north was held up by a machine-gun but a tank nearby was directed towards it and knocked out the gun. The left flank of the Inniskillings was pinned down by German infantry lined along a ditch until a platoon of the 9th Battalion outflanked the position, killed three of the Germans and took the rest prisoner. The 9th Inniskillings and two tanks attacked right-hand side of Wytschaete and the battalion fought its way through the village, taking a battalion headquarters and about fifty prisoners in a house near the Messines–St Eloi road.Шаблон:Sfnm
The German defence was most successful on the right flank against the 15th RIF, where Шаблон:Cvt before the road between Messines and Wytschaete, German machine-gunners forced the attackers under cover until the positions of the strongpoints were found. A Lewis gun fired at Lumm Farm (Шаблон:Lang) on the right, while the rest of the platoon attacked and another machine-gun nest on the left was engaged; Lumm Farm was captured by hand-to-hand fighting. Consolidation of the black line began and at Шаблон:Nowrap patrols went forward, keeping touch with the flanking divisions, for about Шаблон:Cvt to the dotted black line (later called the mauve line), which was to be held as an outpost line. Field artillery began to move up to the old front line and some crossed no man's land to the red line, the move being completed just after Шаблон:Nowrap but no sign of a substantial German counter-attack was seen for another two hours. Around noon, IX Corps HQ reported that German infantry and transport had been reported moving west from the Ypres–Comines Canal at Houthem by aircraft and balloon observers. The digging in on the black line and strong points further back was well advanced, engineer stores were delivered by pack mule and a big dump of German barbed wire found at Guy Farm was commandeered.Шаблон:Sfn
16th (Irish) Division
The attacking troops began their assembly on 6 June, collecting equipment from dumps as they moved to their jumping-off points. From Шаблон:Nowrap on 7 June, the British artillery fell silent and then at Шаблон:Nowrap the mines began to detonate.Шаблон:Sfn As soon as the mines had gone off, the British artillery opened fire, creating three barrage lines and the counter-battery groups bombarded German artillery positions with gas. The infantry began to advance, finding it darker than expected, the visibility being reduced by the smoke and dust of the mines mixing with that of the shell explosions. The view was limited to Шаблон:Cvt, illuminated only by white and green SOS flares rising from the German lines.Шаблон:Sfn The 16th (Irish) Division attacked between Maedelstede Farm and the Vierstraat–Wytschaete road and found that the mines at Maedelstede and the two on the left at Petit Bois had devastated the defenders. The mines at Petit Bois in the 49th Brigade area were about Шаблон:Nowrap late and knocked over some of the advancing infantry.Шаблон:Sfn The advance continued through the remains of Wytschaete wood and Grand Bois, which had been hit by a Шаблон:Nowrap Livens Projector bombardment on the night of Шаблон:Nowrap and by standing barrages on all the known German positions in the woods.Шаблон:Sfn The garrison of l'Hospice in the northern part of the wood were by-passed and did not surrender until Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn The second intermediate objective, the first trench of the German second line, on the west side of the plateau, was reached just after Шаблон:Nowrap (Captured records showed that the Germans had predicted that an attack could be stopped short of the western crest, until reinforcements from the Шаблон:Lang divisions arrived.)Шаблон:Sfn
A two-hour pause ensued, before the attack on the next objective, the second trench of the German second line at the rear (eastern) crest of the ridge, began and at Шаблон:Nowrap the British artillery barrages began to creep forward again. The infantry of the 16th (Irish) Division followed with some of the Шаблон:Nowrap of the II Tank Brigade in support. A tank drove into Wytschaete, followed by the 1st Battalion Munster Fusiliers, who advanced into the wreckage of the village from all sides as the 2nd Battalion Royal Irish Regiment captured the northern fringe. The infantry found that the special bombardment on 3 June had demolished the houses and the area was quickly overrun. The Germans in the woods nearby held out for longer, despite the Livens Projector bombardment, managing to get several machine-guns into action. Half of the attacking companies were reserved for mopping up in the village and by Шаблон:Nowrap the village had been secured.Шаблон:Sfn The supporting battalions leapfrogged through the attacking battalions and several tanks passed through to the eastern side of the village on schedule at Шаблон:Nowrap although all the tanks broke down. The attacking battalions overran other troops of Grenadier Regiment 4 in the Шаблон:Lang (Heights Line) and reached the objective on the far side of the Messines–St Eloi road, in touch with the 36th (Ulster) Division on the right.Шаблон:Sfn By Шаблон:Nowrap the division had captured Шаблон:Nowrap and passed on another Шаблон:Nowrap to neighbouring divisions.Шаблон:Sfn
Air support
As the infantry moved to the attack contact-patrol aircraft flew low overhead, two being maintained over each corps during the day. The observers were easily able to plot the positions of experienced troops, who lit flares and waved anything to attract attention. Some troops, poorly trained and inexperienced, failed to co-operate, fearing exposure to the Germans so aircraft flew dangerously low to identify them, four being shot down in consequence.Шаблон:Sfn Although air observation was not as vital to German operations because of their control of commanding ground, the speed by which reports from air observation could be delivered made it a most valuable form of liaison between the front line and higher commanders. German infantry proved as reluctant to reveal themselves as the British so German flyers also had to make visual identifications.Шаблон:Sfn Reports and maps were dropped at divisional headquarters and corps report centres, allowing the progress of the infantry to be followed. During the pause on the ridge crest, an observer reported that the Oosttaverne Line was barely occupied, at Шаблон:Nowrap a balloon observer reported a heavy German barrage on the II Anzac Corps front and a counter-attack patrol aircraft reported German infantry advancing either side of Messines. The German counter-attack was "crushed" by artillery fire by Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn
Each corps squadron kept an aircraft on counter-attack patrol all day, to call for barrage fire if German troops were seen in the open. The speed of the British advance resulted in few German counter-attacks. Artillery observers watched for German gunfire and made Шаблон:Nowrap calls but only Шаблон:Nowrap to have German guns engaged. (Zones were based on lettered squares of the army 1:40,000 map; each map square was divided into four sections of Шаблон:Cvt. The observer used a call sign of the map square letter then the zone letter to signal to the artillery. All guns and howitzers up to Шаблон:Cvt able to bear on the target, opened rapid fire using corrections of aim from the air observer.Шаблон:Sfn The observers regulated the bombardment of the Oosttaverne Line and the artillery of VIII Corps to the north of the attack, which was able to enfilade German artillery opposite X Corps.Шаблон:Sfn
Fourteen fighters were sent to strafe from low altitude, German ground targets ahead of the British infantry, roving behind German lines, attacking infantry, transport, gun-teams and machine-gun nests; the attacks continued all day, with two of the British aircraft being shot down. Organised attacks were made on the German airfields at Bisseghem and Marcke near Courtrai and the day bombing squadrons attacked airfields at Ramegnies Chin, Coucou, Bisseghem (again) and Rumbeke. Reconnaissance reports of German troops concentrating from Quesnoy–Warneton, led to aircraft setting out to attack them within minutes. German fighters made a considerable effort to intercept corps observation aircraft over the battlefield but were frustrated by patrols on the barrage line and offensive patrols beyond; only one British corps aircraft was shot down by German aircraft during the day. After dark, the night-bombing specialists of 100 Squadron bombed railway stations at Warneton, Menin and Courtrai. Ignorance of the situation at the northern end of the II Anzac Corps front, was resolved by air reconnaissance at dawn on 8 June.Шаблон:Sfn
Шаблон:Lang
At Шаблон:Nowrap on 7 June, the British artillery bombardment ceased; expecting an immediate infantry assault, the German defenders returned to their forward positions. At Шаблон:Nowrap mines began to explode, destroying most of the middle breastwork Ib of the front system, killing most of the garrison and paralysing the survivors of the eleven German battalions in the front line, who were swiftly overrun. The 2nd Division, holding the Wytschaete sector received seven of the mine detonations.Шаблон:Sfn Some of the Шаблон:Lang (Stormtroops) in breastwork Ic were able to counter-attack but were overwhelmed quickly, as the British advanced.Шаблон:Sfn The Шаблон:Lang usually held half of the support battalions but had been reduced to about Шаблон:Nowrap and six machine-guns in each Шаблон:Cvt regimental sector (Шаблон:Lang). Smoke and dust from the British barrage limited visibility to Шаблон:Cvt and some defenders thought that figures moving towards them were German and were also overrun.Шаблон:Sfn
After a pause, the British continued to the Шаблон:Lang, held by half of the support battalions, a company of each reserve battalion and Шаблон:Nowrap machine-guns, per regimental Шаблон:Lang. The sun was up but the defenders only saw occasional shapes in the dust and smoke as they endured a deluge of artillery fire and strafing by swarms of British aircraft. The German defence around Messines at the south end of the ridge collapsed, uncovering the left flank of each unit further north in turn, forcing them to retire to the Шаблон:Lang, except for the garrison of Wytschaete, which held on, waiting to be freed by counter-attacks.Шаблон:Sfn Laffert expected the two Шаблон:Lang divisions to reach the Шаблон:Lang before the British. The divisions had reached assembly areas near Gheluvelt and Warneton by Шаблон:Nowrap and the 7th Division was ordered from Zandvoorde to Hollebeke, to attack into the British northern flank across the Comines canal towards Wytschaete.Шаблон:Sfn
On the southern flank, the 1st Guard Reserve Division was to move to the Warneton line east of Messines, then advance around Messines to recapture the original front system. Neither division had been trained for Шаблон:Lang operations, were new to the area and their advances were plagued by delays; the 7th Division was shelled by British artillery all the way to the Comines canal. Part of the division was diverted to reinforce the remnants of the front divisions around Hollebeke and when the rest of the division arrived at Шаблон:Nowrap the British had already taken the Шаблон:Lang. The 1st Guard Reserve Division was bombarded as it crossed the Warneton (third) line but reached the area east of Messines by Шаблон:Nowrap only to be devastated by the British barrage as it began to creep forward again. The division was forced back to the Шаблон:Lang and Laffert contemplated ordering a further withdrawal, until discovering that the British advance had stopped.Шаблон:Sfn
Aftermath
Analysis
Cyril Falls, the 36th (Ulster) Division historian, wrote in 1922 that at conferences and in questionnaires there was some criticism of H-Hour being a few minutes too early and that the creeping barrage had moved too quickly but that the troops had kept up, which contributed to the success of the attack. The mine explosions had guaranteed the capture of the front system up to the red line and had thoroughly demoralised the Germans further back; the tanks had been useful and had prevented some casualties but were not essential to the success of the attack. All regimental officers praised the rear-area services for their prompt arrival on the ridge with supplies, stores and equipment. The infantry judged the new platoon structure introduced in February 1917 with SS 143 Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action, to have turned platoons into "...a little self-sufficing force, an army in miniature....", some of which had been led with great tactical skill.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1948, the British official historian, James Edmonds wrote that the Battle of Messines was a great victory, which had been achieved with a speed surpassing all other British successes against the Germans; only the capture of Vimy Ridge in April stood comparison. After two years of occupation, the Germans had been ejected from the high ground on the south side of the Ypres Salient; all of the objectives had been captured and Шаблон:Nowrap had been taken. The British had suffered few casualties in the attack but the unexpectedly low losses had led to overcrowding on the ridge which was exploited by the Germans close to the ridge to engage with machine-guns and such artillery as was still operational. The division of authority between two artillery command structures had also caused problems, with one set of observers accidentally bombarding troops in contact with the other organisation and of Шаблон:Nowrap from Шаблон:Nowrap more than 50 per cent were in the II Anzac Corps. Edmonds wrote that the victory was not exploited by gaining ground at the west end of the Gheluvelt Plateau, which had been emphasised in earlier plans.Шаблон:Sfn
Casualties
In 1948, James Edmonds, the British official historian, gave casualties of Шаблон:Nowrap in IX Corps.Шаблон:Sfn Cyril Falls, the 36th ( Ulster) Division historian wrote in 1922, that the division had about Шаблон:Nowrap in the attack, inflicted around three times that number on the defenders; up to 9 June the division had Шаблон:Nowrap and took Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn In 2014, Terence Denman wrote that the 16th (Irish) Division had Шаблон:Nowrap from the night of Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn Edmonds recorded Шаблон:Nowrap including Шаблон:Nowrap from Шаблон:Nowrap using strength returns for Шаблон:Lang Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang in Der Weltkrieg. Edmonds then wrote that Шаблон:Nowrap should be added for wounded likely quickly to return to duty, since they were "omitted" in Der Weltkrieg, a claim that has been severely criticised ever since.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 2007, Sheldon gave Шаблон:Nowrap for the German 4th Army from Шаблон:Nowrap 1917. On 8 June, Grenadier Regiment 8 of the 2nd Division was relieved and only Шаблон:Nowrap were left of the troops in the front position; in one day the regiment had suffered Шаблон:Nowrap Fusilier Regiment 33 had Шаблон:Nowrap and Infantry Regiment 44 lost Шаблон:NowrapШаблон:Sfn
Subsequent operations
Oosttaverne Line
A pause of five hours was considered necessary to defeat the German Шаблон:Lang divisions, before resuming the advance on the Oosttaverne (Шаблон:Lang) line. The pause was extended by two hours to Шаблон:Nowrap after Plumer received reports on the terrible state of the ground. More artillery joined the masked batteries close to the front line and others moved as far into no-man's-land as the terrain allowed. On the nearside of the ridge, Шаблон:Nowrap were emplaced to fire an overhead barrage and each division placed sixteen more guns in the observation line on the eastern slope. The Шаблон:Nowrap in reserve began to advance at Шаблон:Nowrap twelve to join IX Corps; surviving tanks of the morning attack in X Corps, were to move forward from Damm and Denys woods.Шаблон:Sfn On the IX Corps front, the 33rd Brigade (11th Division) had been ordered to advance to Vandamme Farm at Шаблон:Nowrap but the message was delayed and the troops did not reach the assembly area at Rommens Farm until Шаблон:Nowrap half an hour late. To cover the delay, the corps commander ordered the 57th Brigade (19th (Western) Division) from reserve, to take the Oosttaverne Line from Van Hove Farm to Oosttaverne village, then on to Bug Wood, leaving only the southern Шаблон:Cvt for the 33rd Brigade to take. These orders were also delayed and Major-General Tom Bridges, the 19th (Western) Division commander, asked for a postponement, then ordered the 57th Brigade to advance without waiting for the 33rd Brigade. The troops only knew that they were to attack downhill and keep up to the barrage but were able to occupy the objective in Шаблон:Nowrap against light opposition, meeting the Australians at Polka Estaminet.Шаблон:Sfn
Notes
Footnotes
References
Шаблон:Refbegin Books
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Theses
Further reading
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External links
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