Английская Википедия:Caramelization
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Use American English Шаблон:CSS image crop
Caramelization is a process of browning of sugar used extensively in cooking for the resulting sweet nuttyШаблон:Citation needed flavor and brown color. The brown colors are produced by three groups of polymers: Шаблон:Chem name (C24H36O18), Шаблон:Chem name (C36H50O25), and Шаблон:Chem name (C125H188O80). As the process occurs, volatile chemicals such as diacetyl are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor.[1]
Like the Maillard reaction, caramelization is a type of non-enzymatic browning. Unlike the Maillard reaction, caramelization is pyrolytic, as opposed to being a reaction with amino acids.
When caramelization involves the disaccharide sucrose, it is broken down into the monosaccharides fructose and glucose.[2]
Process
Caramelization is a complex, poorly understood process that produces hundreds of chemical products, and includes the following types of reactions:
- equilibration of anomeric and ring forms
- sucrose inversion to fructose and glucose
- condensation reactions
- intramolecular bonding
- isomerization of aldoses to ketoses
- dehydration reactions
- fragmentation reactions
- unsaturated polymer formation
Effects of caramelization
The process is temperature-dependent. Specific sugars each have their own point at which the reactions begin to proceed readily. Impurities in the sugar, such as the molasses remaining in brown sugar, greatly speed the reactions.
| Sugar | Temperature |
|---|---|
| Fructose | Шаблон:Convert |
| Galactose | Шаблон:Convert |
| Glucose | Шаблон:Convert |
| Sucrose | Шаблон:Convert |
| Maltose | Шаблон:Convert |
Caramelization reactions are also sensitive to the chemical environment,[4] and the reaction rate, or temperature at which reactions occur most readily, can be altered by controlling the level of acidity (pH). The rate of caramelization is generally lowest at near-neutral acidity (pH around 7), and accelerated under both acidic (especially pH below 3) and basic (especially pH above 9) conditions.[5]
Uses in food
Шаблон:More citations needed section Caramelization is used to produce several foods, including:
- Caramel sauce, a sauce made with caramel
- Confiture de lait and dulce de leche, caramelized, sweetened milk
- Caramel candies
- Crème caramel, and the similar crème brûlée, a custard dish topped with sugar caramelized with a blowtorch
- Caramelized onions, which are used in dishes like French onion soup. Onions require 30 to 45 minutes of cooking to caramelize.[6][7]
- Caramelized potatoes
- Caramelized pears[8]
- Cola, of which some brands use caramelized sugar in small amounts for color
- Latik, a sweet syrup made of sugar and coconut milk which is used in several Filipino desserts.
- Dodol, a type of toffee made with cane sugar, rice flour, and coconut milk originating from Indonesia.
See also
References
External links
Шаблон:Commonscat Шаблон:Wiktionary
- Caramelization at Science of Cooking
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Harold McGee. "On Food and Cooking", 2nd Edition (2004), Scribner, New York, NY. "Sugar, Chocolate and Confectionery", Page 656.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Scocca, Tom. Layers of Deceit: Why do recipe writers lie and lie and lie about how long it takes to caramelize onions? Шаблон:Webarchive Slate.com, May 2, 2012.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
