Английская Википедия:Carcharhiniformes

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Файл:Carcharhinus acronotus nefsc.jpg

Groundsharks, like this blacknose shark, have a nictitating membrane which can be drawn over the eye to protect it.

Carcharhiniformes Шаблон:IPAc-en, the ground sharks, are the largest order of sharks, with over 270 species. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and the sandbar shark.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.

The oldest members of the order appeared during the Middle-Late Jurassic, which have teeth and body forms that are morphologically similar to living catsharks. Carchariniformes first underwent major diversification during the Late Cretaceous, initially as mostly small-sized forms, before radiating into medium and large body sizes during the Cenozoic.

Families

According to FishBase, the nine families of ground sharks are:

• Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks)
• Galeocerdonidae (Tiger shark)
• Hemigaleidae (weasel sharks)
• Leptochariidae (barbeled houndshark)
• Proscylliidae (finback catsharks)
• Pseudotriakidae (false catsharks)
• Scyliorhinidae (catsharks)
• Sphyrnidae (hammerhead sharks)
• Triakidae (houndsharks)

Family	Image	Common name	Genera	Species	Description
Carcharhinidae	Файл:Carcharhinus melanopterus SI2.jpg	Requiem sharks	11	59	Requiem sharks are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the blue shark, the bull shark, and the milk shark. The usual carcharhiniform characteristics include round eyes and pectoral fins that are completely behind five gill slits. Most species are viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as Шаблон:Convert adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to Шаблон:Convert adult length in the oceanic whitetip shark. Requiem sharks are responsible for a large proportion of attacks on humans.
†Florenceodontidae?			1	1	Extinct
Galeocerdonidae	Файл:Tiger shark.jpg	Tiger shark	1	1 extant	A formerly diverse genus, only one species exists today. The tiger shark is the largest member of this order
Hemigaleidae	Файл:Chaenogaleus macrostoma Day - cropped.png	Weasel sharks	4	8	Weasel sharks are found from the eastern Atlantic Ocean to the continental Indo-Pacific in shallow coastal waters to a depth of 100 m (330 ft). Most species are small, reaching no more than 1.4 m long (4.6 ft), though the snaggletooth shark (Hemipristis elongatus) may reach 2.4 m (7.9 ft). They have horizontally oval eyes, small spiracles, and precaudal pits. Two dorsal fins occur, with the base of the first placed well forward of the pelvic fins. The caudal fin has a strong ventral lobe and undulations on the dorsal lobe margin. They feed on a variety of small bony fishes and invertebrates; at least two species specialize on cephalopods. They are not known to have attacked people.
Leptochariidae	Файл:Triaenodon smithii by muller and henle.png	Barbeled houndsharks	1	1	The only species of barbeled houndshark is Leptocharias smithii. It is a demersal species found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Mauritania to Angola, at depths of Шаблон:Convert. It favours muddy habitats, particularly around river mouths. The barbeled houndshark is characterized by a very slender body, nasal barbels, long furrows at the corners of the mouth, and sexually dimorphic teeth. Its maximum known length is Шаблон:Convert. Likely strong-swimming and opportunistic, the barbeled houndshark has been known to ingest bony fishes, invertebrates, fish eggs, and even inedible objects. It is viviparous, with females bearing litters of seven young; the developing embryos are sustained by a unique globular placental structure. The IUCN has assessed the barbeled houndshark as near threatened, as heavy fishing pressure occurs throughout its range and it is used for meat and leather.
Proscylliidae	Файл:Eridacnis radcliffei.jpg	Finback catsharks	3	7
Pseudotriakidae	Файл:Pseudotriakis acrales by jordan and snyder.jpg	False catsharks	3	5	False catsharks are a small family containing false catsharks and gollumsharks. It contains the only ground shark species to exhibit intrauterine oophagy, in which developing fetuses are nourished by eggs produced by their mother.
†Pseudoscyliorhinidae			2	3	Extinct
Scyliorhinidae	Файл:Catshark oedv.jpg	Catsharks	17	>150	Catsharks are distinguished by their elongated, cat-like eyes and two small dorsal fins set far back. They usually have a patterned appearance, ranging from stripes to patches to spots. Most are fairly small, growing no longer than Шаблон:Convert; a few, such as the nursehound, can reach Шаблон:Convert in length. They are found in temperate and tropical seas worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal waters to depths of Шаблон:Convert or more, depending on species. They feed on invertebrates and smaller fish. Some species are aplacental viviparous, but most lay eggs in tough egg cases with curly tendrils at each end, known as mermaid's purses. The swell sharks of the genus Cephaloscyllium fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened, increasing their girth by a factor of two to three. Some catsharks are called dogfish.
Sphyrnidae	Файл:Hammerhead shark, Cocos Island, Costa Rica.jpg	Hammerhead sharks	2	9	Hammerhead sharks are named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a "hammer" shape called a cephalofoil. Many, not necessarily mutually exclusive, functions have been proposed for the cephalofoil, including sensory reception, manoeuvring, and prey manipulation. Hammerheads are found worldwide in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night.
Triakidae	Файл:Leopard shark in kelp.jpg	Houndsharks	9	40	Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from Шаблон:Convert in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.

Timeline of genera

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from: -199.6    till: -175.6    color:earlyjurassic    text:Early
from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:Middle
from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:Late
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
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from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
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from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
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color:latejurassic bar:NAM1  from:-152.57    till:-150.8 text:Macrourogaleus
color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-103.7    till:0 text:Scyliorhinus
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-93.5    till:-89.3 text:Pterolamiops
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4  from:-93.5    till:-70.6 text:Paratriakis
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27    till:-65.5 text:Pteroscyllium
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6  from:-83.5    till:-70.6 text:Archaeotriakis
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5    till:-58.7 text:Palaeogaleus 
color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9    till:-68.9 text:Squatigaleus
color:paleocene bar:NAM9  from:-65.5    till:-33.9 text:Abdounia
color:paleocene bar:NAM10 from:-65.5    till:0 text:Triakis
color:paleocene bar:NAM11  from:-56.0    till:-15.97 text:Physogaleus
color:eocene bar:NAM12  from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Pachygaleus
color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8    till:-48.6 text:Premontreia
color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-55.8    till:-37.2 text:Eogaleus
color:eocene bar:NAM15  from:-55.8    till:0 text:Carcharhinus
color:eocene bar:NAM16 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Galeocerdo
color:eocene bar:NAM17  from:-55.8    till:0 text:Hemipristis
color:eocene bar:NAM18  from:-55.8    till:0 text:Isogomphodon
color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8    till:-0.0117 text:Megascyliorhinus
color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Mustelus
color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8    till:0 text:Rhizoprionodon
color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-48.6    till:0 text:Negaprion
color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-23.03    till:0 text:Chaenogaleus
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color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-15.97    till:0 text:Sphyrna
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from: -175.6    till: -161.2    color:middlejurassic    text:Middle
from: -161.2    till: -145.5    color:latejurassic    text:Late
from: -145.5    till: -99.6    color:earlycretaceous    text:Early
from: -99.6    till: -65.5    color:latecretaceous    text:Late
from: -65.5   till:  -55.8    color:paleocene  text:Paleo.
from: -55.8   till:  -33.9    color:eocene  text:Eo. 
from: -33.9   till:  -23.03    color:oligocene  text:Oligo.            
from: -23.03    till: -5.332    color:miocene    text:Mio.
from: -5.332    till: -2.588    color:pliocene    text:Pl.
from: -2.588    till: -0.0117   color:pleistocene    text:Pl.
from: -0.0117    till: 0    color:holocene    text:H.

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from: -199.6    till: -145.5    color:jurassic    text:Jurassic
from: -145.5    till: -65.5   color:cretaceous    text:Cretaceous
from: -65.5   till:  -23.03    color:paleogene  text:Paleogene         
from: -23.03    till: -2.588    color:neogene    text:Neogene
from: -2.588    till: 0   color:quaternary    text:Q.

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Further reading

• Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2013) Fish Identification: Ground sharks in FishBase. March 2013 version.
• Шаблон:Cite journal

External links

• Order Carcharhiniformes