Английская Википедия:Cardiff English

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Файл:Wales Cardiff locator map.svg
Location of Cardiff (orange) within Wales

The Cardiff accent, also known as Cardiff English,Шаблон:Sfnp is the regional accent of English, and a variety of Welsh English, as spoken in and around the city of Cardiff, and is somewhat distinctive in Wales, compared with other Welsh accents.[1] Its pitch is described as somewhat lower than that of Received Pronunciation, whereas its intonation is closer to dialects of England rather than Wales.Шаблон:Sfnp

It is estimated that around 500,000 people speak Cardiff English. The accent is generally limited to inside the city's northern boundary, rather than the nearby South Wales Valleys where the spoken variety of English is different. However, the accent area spreads east and west of the city's political borders, covering much of the former counties of South Glamorgan and south-west Gwent, including Newport and coastal Monmouthshire.Шаблон:Sfnp[2]

The dialect developed distinctively as the city grew in the nineteenth century, with an influx of migrants from different parts of Britain and further afield. The Cardiff accent and vocabulary has been influenced in particular by those who moved there from the English Midlands, the West Country, other parts of Wales, and Ireland.[3] The Survey of English Dialects did not cover Cardiff but it did survey nearby Newport and six small villages in Monmouthshire.

Influence

The formation of the modern Cardiff accent has been cited as having an Irish influence, similar to the influence of Liverpool's Scouse accent, given both cities' status as major world ports.[1] According to a 2005 BBC study, the Cardiff accent, as well as that of Liverpool and East London, is in the process of changing due to the modern influence of immigration on youth, primarily of Arabic and Hindustani influence.[4]

Social variation

Research has shown that there is a great sociolinguistic variation on the Cardiff accent, that is to say, a difference in the way people speak from different social backgrounds in Cardiff. Unsurprisingly, those from a more affluent background generally speak with a less broad accent, closer to that of standard English, compared with people from a working-class background.Шаблон:Sfnp Thus, the city itself has different dialects, with people from the less affluent eastern and western districts of the city having a stronger and broader accent than those living in the more affluent north Cardiff.

Phonetics and phonology

Шаблон:IPA notice Cardiff English shares many phonetic traits with the English spoken in the Severnside area of England, but differs in being non-rhotic. A notable characteristic in the accent is the lack of rounding lips when pronouncing consonants and vowels. While in Received Pronunciation, lip-rounding is a common feature to distinguish vowels, in Cardiff English this is not often observed.Шаблон:Sfnp

The tongue also holds a slightly different shape with people speaking in Cardiff English. The front is rigid and close to the alveolar ridge, while the back is relaxed, creating a large pharyngeal cavity. In continuous speech, the soft palate is also lowered, providing a slight nasal quality. Creaky voice is mainly absent and can only be found in prestigious middle-class varieties as in RP. The vocal folds are tenser than in Received Pronunciation, giving a husky, breathy sound to articulation, with the overall effect of greater resonance, tension and hoarseness makes the accent often thought of as being "harsh" or "unpleasant".Шаблон:Sfnp

Place names in Cardiff, such as Crwys and Llanedeyrn, may be pronounced in a way which reflects rules of neither Welsh nor English.[3]

Consonants

Consonants in CE share general similarities to that of Received Pronunciation.Шаблон:Sfnp Unique characteristics of consonants of this accent include:

Vowels

Файл:Cardiff English monophthongs chart.svg
Cardiff English monophthongs, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt. Depending on the speaker, the long Шаблон:IPA may be of the same height as the short Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

The accent is non-rhotic, in other words the Шаблон:IPA is only pronounced before a vowel. Much like RP, linking and intrusive R is present in Cardiff English, such as in drawing Шаблон:IPA or draw attention Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Unlike the consonants, CE's vowels are significantly different from Received Pronunciation. Many vowels in this accent have a more centralised articulation, as well as the starting points of most diphthongs, as seen below. Like mentioned above, at least the broad varieties seem to lack labialisation.Шаблон:Sfnp However, if they are labialised, they are articulated with tight lips.Шаблон:Sfnp

Monophthongs

Monophthongs of CEШаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp
Front Central Back
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small Шаблон:Small
Close Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Mid Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link
Open Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link Шаблон:IPA link

Diphthongs

Файл:Cardiff English diphthongs chart.svg
Cardiff English diphthongs, from Шаблон:Harvcoltxt

According to Шаблон:Harvcoltxt, the diphthongs in CE are Шаблон:IPA, corresponding to Шаблон:Sc2, Шаблон:Sc2, Шаблон:Sc2, Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 respectively. Шаблон:Harvcoltxt transcribes Шаблон:IPA with Шаблон:Angbr IPA. Speakers also exhibit both the pane–pain and toe–tow merger, which contrasts with some other southern Welsh varieties.Шаблон:Sfnp Centring diphthongs such as Шаблон:Sc2 and Шаблон:Sc2 do not exist and often correspond to disyllabic sequences Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA (see below for details).Шаблон:Sfnp

The sequence Шаблон:IPAc-en, when not coalesced in words like nude or you is Шаблон:IPA like many other Welsh accents.Шаблон:Sfnp However, CE has lost the distinction in environments where Шаблон:IPA cannot proceed certain consonants in RP that can in other Welsh accents as Шаблон:IPA, such as juice or crew.Шаблон:Sfnp

Centring diphthongs do not exist. RP Шаблон:Sc2 is mostly a disyllabic sequence Шаблон:IPA. In a handful of words (near, mere, year, ear, here and hear) and their derivatives, the pronunciation may be either Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA. It is not unusual to hear the last four words all pronounced as Шаблон:IPA. Before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA, the pronunciation is monophthongal Шаблон:IPA, where RP would actually have Шаблон:IPA.[8]Шаблон:Sfnp

RP Шаблон:Sc2 vowel is either a disyllabic sequence Шаблон:IPA or merges with the Шаблон:Sc2 vowel Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp Шаблон:Sc2 almost always replaces the word sure; when after consonant + Шаблон:IPA (such as cure or pure), the use of Шаблон:Sc2 increases by class status. However, when without Шаблон:IPA (such as insure or tour), the upper middle class would use the Шаблон:Sc2 vowel less compared to other classes.Шаблон:Sfnp

Furthermore, Cardiff English does not have smoothing, unlike RP, which is like other Welsh accents. Examples include buying and tower as Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp However, a notable exception exists with our being pronounced as Шаблон:IPA.Шаблон:Sfnp

Intonation

The intonation of Cardiff English is generally closer to English accents rather than Welsh, but with a wider pitch range than in Received Pronunciation. Nevertheless, the average pitch is lower than other South Wales accents and RP. High rising terminal is also what characterises the dialect from RP, as well as consistency in intonation with strong expression; such as annoyance, excitement and emphasis.Шаблон:Sfnp

Assimilation and elision

Like RP and a lot of other English dialects, Cardiff English is prone to constant assimilation and elision. It is the consistency and use of assimilation, even when speaking slowly, distinguishes CE from other English accents. It should also be noted that patterns found in other South Wales dialects are not found in Cardiff and instead is influenced by British accents.Шаблон:Sfnp

Grammar

Many of the grammatical features below are influenced from south-western dialects of England, particularly sharing with the dialect of Reading.Шаблон:Sfnp Non-standard forms when associated with Cardiff often have a negative reaction since most dialects in Wales are influenced by Welsh.Шаблон:Sfnp

  • The Northern Subject Rule is a common feature of the colloquial Cardiff accent, which is the tendency to use a third-person singular verb conjugation for all pronouns in the present tense. Examples include I lives in Cardiff, we likes it, they squeaks when you walks.Шаблон:Sfnp This can also extend to the irregular be and do, such as they's awful or we does it often, and sometimes with have (they never has homework).Шаблон:Sfnp
    • When have is used as an auxiliary, e.g. they have been, it is more likely to be elided as in they been, like many other colloquial or non-standard accents. Likewise, do as an auxiliary is used, as in they does try. In Reading, the third-person singular forms are used to a lesser extent, with have never being the case but do occasionally. On the other hand, the form dos Шаблон:IPA does exist in Reading but is not attested in Cardiff except for the phrase fair dos 'give her/him due credit', which is analysed as a plural morpheme rather than an inflectional one.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Conversely, an irregular verb conjugated with third-person singular pronoun can take a first-person singular verb conjugation, specifically with have, but also with do. Examples include she've gone, he do his work, it don't swim. Negative third-person forms of have are difficult to analyse as their forms can be heavily elided; forms such as hasn't, haven't or even ain't can be homophonous.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • The first and third singular past-tense forms of be, was can once again be found in all pronouns you was, we was, they was. However unlike Reading, were replacing standard was cannot be done except occasionally in negative forms (i.e. she weren't).Шаблон:Sfnp Sometimes, this may be extended to other irregular verbs when that verb's past participle is the same or very similar as the infinitive form, as in he give a book, she come over here.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Double negatives are also present as in some other urban accents of English, e.g. I haven't had nothin', there isn't no-one in.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp Similarly never can also be used to negate the past tense in the same manner, as in I never did nothin.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Them to mean 'those', as in He likes them cats, similar to other non-standard dialects.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Lack of plurals on nouns of measurement, similar to other colloquial British accents, e.g. forty pound, seven foot long (also consider standard six foot five).Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Using adjectival forms for adverbs, such as shop local (found in many Cardiffian cornerstores), she drives lovely.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Removal of prepositional particles when following adverbs, out for 'out of', over for 'over to/in', up for 'up at/in' etc.Шаблон:Sfnp
    • Nevertheless, non-standard particle compounds indicating position and direction are present, represented in where to. It mainly acts as a postposition as in where's that to?,[3] however it can also be a preposition (where's to the keys?), although this can be non-standard (e.g. where to are you going? vs. where are you going to?).Шаблон:Sfnp
  • The positional and directional adjuncts here and there can be prefixed with by: by here and by there.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Like other various urban accents, reflexive pronouns all use the possessive form as their base rather than the accusative, i.e. hisself for himself or theirselves for themselves.Шаблон:Sfnp An alternative construction his/her mitt etc. is also used when referring to people, literally meaning 'his/her hand'.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • The discourse tag isn't it?/innit?, although stereotyped in Welsh English in especially rural areas, is commonly heard in Cardiff. It may simply be a function word, similar to isn't that so? (Шаблон:Lang-fr) or Northern Welsh yes? and can also interchange with standard don't/didn't they regardless of social class.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Not found in other Welsh accents is predicate fronting, where the predicate is moved to the beginning of the sentence, i.e. hurt he was or awful I thought it sounded, which is influenced by Welsh. In standard English, this also occurs, although this is referred to as 'thematic fronting'.Шаблон:Sfnp
  • Juxtaposition with particles of different meaning in a sentence, e.g. I'll be over there now, in a minute.[3]

Vocabulary

Cardiff generally shares its vocabulary with south-west Wales, although a lot of its naturalised vocabulary as well as Welsh loanwords from the area are lost and unrecognisable in Cardiff, specifically farming terms, which use is sparse in the city.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Nevertheless, these terms are still present to some degree in Cardiff:

Notable speakers

The accent can be heard in varying degrees in the voices of Frank Hennessy, Charlotte Church, Colin Jackson, Craig Bellamy and Stan Stennett.[1]

Opinions

A common first reaction to the accent is often that it is scarcely different from what is considered a "proper Welsh accent", which is usually seen by most outside Wales as being the variety spoken in the South Wales Valleys. The accent is also sufficiently distinct from standard English that researchers from the University of Birmingham have carried out research on the accent in an effort to improve speech recognition software.[7]

The former Assembly First Minister Rhodri Morgan pointed out in a pamphlet of Cardiff that having a strong Cardiff accent has long been an issue of class, recalling how teachers at a Cardiff high school prepared pupils for the middle class professions by reciting: "Hark, hark the lark In Cardiff Arms Park!"[1]

In a survey, carried out by the BBC, Welsh accents are among the least popular accents in the UK. However, the Cardiff accent was rated higher than that of nearby Swansea.[9]

In the 1960s, Gwyn Thomas, a Valleys man, described the speech of Cardiffians in the following way:[10] Шаблон:Blockquote

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

Further reading

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Languages in WalesШаблон:English dialects by continent

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, citing Шаблон:Harvp
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, citing Шаблон:Harvp
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, citing Шаблон:Harvp
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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