Английская Википедия:Carl A. Schenck

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox scientist Carl Alwin Schenck (25 March 1868 – 17 May 1955) was a German forester and pioneering forestry educator.[1][2] When Schenck came to the United States to work for George W. Vanderbilt at the Biltmore Estate, he became the third formally trained forester in the United States.[3] He established and operated the Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in North America, on Vanderbilt's property.[2][4][5]

Schenck also helped create the forestry school at Sewanee: The University of the South, taught at the University of Montana in Missoula and the University of Giessen, and wrote textbooks. His teachings comprise the foundation of forestry education in the United States.[6] However, Schenck's contributions were rarely recognized in histories of forestry, in part, because he was German during an era when the United States fought two wars against Germany.[7]Шаблон:Rp The New York Times described him as "the most influential person in making forestry in this country a science and a profession."[8]

Early life

Файл:Sir William Schlich07.jpg
Schenck (far right) with William Schlich (middle, front row) and other students, Saxony, 1892

Schenck was born on 25 March 1868 in Darmstadt in what is now the state of Hesse, Germany.[1][2] He was the son of Olga Cornelia Alewyn and Carl Jacob Schenck.[3] The Schenck family became wealthy as goldsmiths in Darmstadt in the 17th century, rising to prominence and filling many local government positions.[1] His grandfather was a chief forester in Hesse.[9][3]

Schenck attended the Institute of Technology in Darmstadt, graduating when he was eighteen years old in 1886.[10] He studied botany in Darmstadt before enrolling in college.[3] He then attended the University of Tübingen School of Forestry.[3] However, Schenck had to withdraw from the school because of a severe lung infection.[3]

After recovering from his illness, Schenck enrolled in the forest school of the University of Giessen in 1888.[10][3] There, he studied under visiting professor Dietrich Brandis, considered the world's leading forester at the time.[4] In 1890, Schenck became a forest assessor for the state forest service in Hessen; such service was required as part of his degree.[10][9] In the summers between 1891 and 1894, he worked as an assistant and secretary to foresters Brandis and Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich.[9][3]

Schenck completed his Ph.D. degree in early 1895, summa cum laude.[1][9] At Giessen, he also passed law examinations.[3]

Career

Biltmore Estate

After he received his Ph.D., Schenck was recommended by Brandis for a job in the United States working for George W. Vanderbilt in North Carolina.[1] Schenck accepted the position and sailed to America, arriving in New York City on 5 April 1895.[11] He became the third formally trained forester in the United States.[3]

George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina, included some Шаблон:Convert of mountain land.[12] Based on the recommendation of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, Vanderbilt had decided during the early 1890s that he wanted his forests managed using the best scientific principles of forestry.[12] Vanderbilt first hired Gifford Pinchot as the estate's forester.[12]

When Schenck arrived at Biltmore, he worked under Pinchot while the latter was transitioning to work for the U.S. Division of Forestry.[7]Шаблон:Rp However, his work crews and the sawmill would only take instruction from Pinchot and ignored Schenck because he was a foreigner.[7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck was frustrated, especially because Vanderbilt had said he would be in charge of the daily operations.[7]Шаблон:Rp Letters written between Pinchot and Schenck show his increasing frustration and the growing hostility between the two men.[7]Шаблон:Rp

In September 1895, Pinchot returned to North Carolina and gave Schenck the independence he needed to truly be Biltmore Estate's forester—as long as Schenck finished Pinchot's outstanding projects first.[12][7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck's first project was in the virgin growth Big Creek area where water was used to transport felled trees because there were few roads.[13] As a result, the work crew overharvested tulip poplar trees that floated, leaving many other varieties of trees behind.[13] The work crew also built a temporary splash dam, smoothing Big Creek to create a sluice that ruined the creek for fishing.[13] However, the water strategy used at this location was Pinchot's, not Schenck's, and the latter had no prior experience with dams.[7]Шаблон:Rp When rains came, the logs moved downstream but caused significant damage to other properties, crops, and bridges.[7]Шаблон:Rp

As a result of this experience, Schenck determined that his methods were better and that American forestry—and Pinchot—was wasteful.[7]Шаблон:Rp He wrote, "As Americans are of the opinion that forestry and tree-planting are the same, I wish to say, that no reasonable forester would plant, where nature regenerates, and where woodlands can be bought at a price per acre, at which planting per acre cannot be done. I repeat, so absurd as it might sound, the disbursements for, operations should not be charged to Biltmore Forest, but to 'Sport and Landscape.'"[7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck admitted that he was so disappointed with the program at Biltmore that he nearly resigned from his position.[7]Шаблон:Rp Pinchot blamed Schenck for not letting go of "his German ways."[7]Шаблон:Rp

However, Schenck renewed his contract with Vanderbilt for the next year.[7]Шаблон:Rp By the middle of 1896, he had instituted his distinct version of German forestry, adapted for a forest in North Carolina.[7]Шаблон:Rp He wanted to make Biltmore a sustainable operation.[7]Шаблон:Rp Therefore, he looked for "projects that preserved some of the woods and allowed for natural regeneration as well as plantings."[7]Шаблон:Rp He returned exhausted farms into productive forests, set up firebreaks, established road systems, and created logging and lumbering operations.[12][3] He also pushed the North Carolina legislature for laws that benefited forestry.[3] Schenck then signed a ten-year contract with Vanderbilt which also provided insurance.[7]Шаблон:Rp

Between 1901 and 1903, Vanderbilt's financial situation changed.[7]Шаблон:Rp In 1903, Vanderbilt cut Schenck's departmental budget by some fifty percent and told him to borrow the rest from local banks.[7]Шаблон:Rp During 1903 and 1904, Schenck tried to earn a profit for the estate, including forgoing his usual two-month vacation in Germany.[7]Шаблон:Rp Although he did not earn enough to bail out Biltmore, Schenck impressed Vanderbilt with his commitment to forestry conservation and a profitable operation.[7]Шаблон:Rp In 1905 and 1906, when the financial situation looked better, Schenck borrowed from banks, trying to show that his forestry operation could support itself without patronage.[7]Шаблон:Rp This strategy was working; however, 1907 brought a financial crisis to the United States.[7]Шаблон:Rp

In March 1908, Schenck wrote Vanderbilt that the lumber business had declined and customers were slow to pay their bills; he needed more operational money to pay his workers, but was reluctant to take out another loan.[7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck also understood that Vanderbilt could not increase the budget for his forestry operations.[7]Шаблон:Rp Vanderbilt suggested selling some of his Pisgah Forest lands.[14]Шаблон:Rp This property included part of Schenck's long-term "masterpiece", the Biltmore Forest School, which he had always said needed time to see a profit.[14][7]Шаблон:Rp The relationship between Vanderbilt and Schenck fell apart as the two men quarreled over the property.[14] Schenck wrote, “I did not make the slightest attempt to find a purchaser for Pisgah Forest. With that sale of Pisgah Forest, my beloved Biltmore Forest School would lose its working field, its demonstration field, its experiment stations, and its very basis.”[7]Шаблон:Rp

Schenck raised tuition for his school and tried to sell lumber to generate the needed funds.[7]Шаблон:Rp He also expanded the practice of taking hunting parties into the forest for a fee, signing a $10,000 annual agreement ($Шаблон:Inflation in today's money) with the Asheville and Chicago Hunting Club while Vanderbilt was in Europe.[7]Шаблон:Rp However, William Howard Taft was elected president in 1908 and announced in 1909 his desire to make lumber free to all Americans through the National Forest program.[7]Шаблон:Rp This quickly put an end to any hopes for forestry profits at Biltmore.[7]Шаблон:Rp

In March 1909, Schenck got into a disagreement with Charles D. Beadle, general manager of the Biltmore Estate, resulting in Beadle charging him for assault and battery for "boxing his ears."[3][7]Шаблон:Rp The two had been jockeying for position and funding with Vanderbilt.[7]Шаблон:Rp When the court case came before a justice of the peace in Asheville, Schenk was only fined one dollar.[3]Шаблон:Rp However, since their relationship was already tainted, Vanderbilt used this incident and his annoyance over the private hunting contract to ask Schenck to resign on 24 April 1909.[3][7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck stayed with Biltmore through November 1909, the end of his contract.[7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck also sued Vanderbilt for back pay.[14]

Файл:Biltmore Forestry School, Black Forest Lodge, Brevard, Transylvania County, NC HABS NC-402-F-3.tif
The Black Forest Lodge of the Biltmore Forestry School in Transylvania County, North Carolina

Biltmore Forest School

Шаблон:Main In 1898, with the permission of Vanderbilt, Schenck founded the Biltmore Forest School, the first forestry school in North America.[15] The Biltmore Forest School provided a one-year course of study, with a curriculum, focused on pairing traditional classroom lectures with extensive hands-on, practical forest management field training.[2] Schenck operated the school in his spare time on Vanderbilt's lands from 1898 to 1909, turning out many of the leading American foresters of the era.[2]

During the first five years of the school, Schenck's ideology evolved.[7]Шаблон:Rp Historian Jonathan Hill notes that Scheck used his German training but "began to develop his own ideas about forestry and ultimately fashioned his own new and comprehensive model of forestry for the United States."[7]Шаблон:Rp Schenck viewed forestry as a science, balancing forest conservation and economic needs to create a sustainable system.[8][7]Шаблон:Rp

Although the Biltmore Forest School was financially self-sustaining, Schenck had to change locations after he left Biltmore in 1909.[2] He continued the school through 1913, traveling with his students and operating from Germany and forest locations in several states in America.[16]

Lecturer and consultant

As a consultant, Schenck helped create the forestry school curriculum at Sewanee: The University of the South.[7]Шаблон:Rp In 1898, he was also a senior consultant for the United States Division of Forestry (now the United States Forestry Service), working under Pinchot.[7]Шаблон:Rp He traveled to the deep South's longleaf pine forests several times to conduct surveys.[7]Шаблон:Rp However, this working relationship only lasted four months because of Pinchot and Schenck's divergence in policy and methodology.[7]Шаблон:Rp

From 1916 to 1918, Schenck was a guest lecturer for forestry at the University of Giessen. After World War I, he was a guest speaker at universities in the United States and also led forestry tours in France, Germany, and Switzerland for American and English students.[1][2][9][3] He wrote articles and textbooks during the 1920s and 1930s and was a consultant in locations around the world.[2][5] From 1923 to 1937, Schenck was a visiting professor at the Department of Forestry of the University of Montana in Missoula.[9]

After World War II, Schenck assisted United States officials with relief and forestry programs in Germany.[2] The Americans appointed him chief forester in Hessen.[9] In May 1951, he went on a national lecture tour for the American Forestry Association.[17] He also attended a reunion of Biltmore Forest School alumni.[9] He made his last visit to the United States in 1952 when North Carolina State University gave him an honorary degree.[9]

Honors

Personal life

In 1896, Schenck married Adele Bopp (1874–1929) of Darmstadt, Germany.[9][3] The couple had no children.[3] However, he became the legal guardian of his niece, Olli von Rhoeneck, after her father died in World War I.[18] In 1932, he married widow Marie Louise Faber (1869–1950).[9][3]

After the Biltmore Forest School closed in 1913, Schenck returned to Germany.[1] Through his family, he was given land in Lindenfels.[1] There, he built a home from the species of trees he encountered in the United States.[1] When World War I began, he joined the German army as a quartermaster and served as a lieutenant on the Eastern front.[1][2][5] In Poland, he was shot in the stomach by a Russian soldier and was taken to a Russian prisoner of war camp.[1][3]

After the war, the economy in Lindenfels was poor.[1] To feed starving German children, Schenck worked with the American Society of Friends (aka Quakers).[1] Schenck felt betrayed by the German government and withdrew from political work, trying to survive on a small pension.[1] Former students also helped to support him.[1] However, Schenck wrote that he "felt no reason to apologize for serving his homeland in its time of need."[22]

During World War II, Schenck stayed in Lindenfels and taught local boys when the schools closed.[1][9] He also shared care packages that were mailed to him by Biltmore Forest School alumni with his students.[1] After the war, he spent ten years fighting the United States in court to reclaim money and property that was confiscated in the war.[9] However, he was unsuccessful in this Alien Property Custody Suit, despite the efforts of his former students on his behalf.[9]

Schenck died in Lindenfels on 17 May 1955, at the age of 87, after an extended illness.[2] At his request, his funeral was held in Germany, but his ashes were spread at the Schenck Forest in North Carolina.[3]

Legacy

Schenck became one of the most influential people in the field of forestry in the United States, and he trained many of the next generation of leadership in the field.[8][6][23] He also invented the Biltmore Stick, which is still used today to measure tree heights and diameters.[7]Шаблон:Rp In addition, Schenck had his students develop the tools and tables that were used by the federal government.[7]Шаблон:Rp

However, Schenck's name was rarely included in histories of forestry, in part, because he was German during an era when the United States fought two wars against Germany.[7]Шаблон:Rp Pinchot wrote, "We in the Division of Forestry fully recognized the necessity for professional education in Forestry in this country, but we had small confidence in the leadership of Dr. Fernow and Dr. Schenck. We distrusted them and their German lack of faith in American Forestry. What we wanted was American foresters trained by Americans in American ways for the work ahead in American forests."[7]Шаблон:Rp After meeting Schenck, President Theodore Roosevelt said, “Nobody has a right to work here for so long without becoming a citizen of the United States!"[7]Шаблон:Rp

Pinchot and Schenck also had differing ideas as to how to manage forests, with the former preferring public lands and the latter preferring private lands.[7]Шаблон:Rp As historian Hill notes, "Though the two shared the common goal of popularizing forestry in the United States, their means of meeting that goal conflicted as much as their definition of forestry."[7]Шаблон:Rp Because Pinchot was in charge of the U.S. Forest Service, his vision dominated and shaped forestry in the United States.[7]Шаблон:Rp However, modern historians have found that Schenck's role was greater than what had been depicted in the historical narrative.[7]Шаблон:Rp

Selected publications

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,00 2,01 2,02 2,03 2,04 2,05 2,06 2,07 2,08 2,09 2,10 2,11 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,00 3,01 3,02 3,03 3,04 3,05 3,06 3,07 3,08 3,09 3,10 3,11 3,12 3,13 3,14 3,15 3,16 3,17 3,18 3,19 3,20 3,21 3,22 3,23 3,24 3,25 3,26 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 7,13 7,14 7,15 7,16 7,17 7,18 7,19 7,20 7,21 7,22 7,23 7,24 7,25 7,26 7,27 7,28 7,29 7,30 7,31 7,32 7,33 7,34 7,35 7,36 7,37 7,38 7,39 7,40 7,41 7,42 7,43 7,44 7,45 7,46 7,47 7,48 7,49 7,50 7,51 7,52 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Cite Americana
  11. ↑ Lewis, James G. "On April 5, 1895, I passed the Statue of Liberty" Forest History Society, 5 April 2012.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 17,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Clary, David A., Carl Alwin Schenck, and Austin F. Cary. “‘Different Men from What We Were’: Postwar Letters of Carl A. Schenck and Austin F. Cary.” Journal of Forest History 22, no. 4 (1978): 230.
  23. ↑ The Biltmore immortals: Biographies of 50 American boys graduating from the Biltmore Forest School. Darmstadt : L. C. Wittich. 1953–1957
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