Английская Википедия:Carmen García (politician)

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Carmen García Mamani (born 16 July 1963) is a Bolivian academic, politician, and trade unionist who served as senator for Potosí from 2010 to 2015. A member of the Movement for Socialism, she previously served on the Tomave Municipal Council from 2000 to 2005.

An ethnic Quechua, García worked for over a decade as a schoolteacher in rural Potosí. She later studied educational management at multiple universities, finally settling on a career in teacher training and indigenous language research. In tandem, García actively operated within the trade syndicates of her home region, through which she began a career in politics as a member of the Movement for Socialism.

Elected to the Tomave Municipal Council in 1999, García later won a seat in the Senate in 2009, representing Potosí. Over the course of her tenure, García grew disgruntled with the often hierarchical structure of her caucus and ultimately joined a group of "free thinking" ruling party dissidents that depleted the government's parliamentary supermajority. She was not nominated for reelection.

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Early life and career

Carmen García was born on 16 July 1963 in Yonsa, a hamlet in the Campos Province of western Potosí.Шаблон:Sfn She spent most of her early life in nearby Quijarro Province, residing in Tocora, a community situated in one of the many Шаблон:Lang that make up the Uyuni valley. An ethnic Quechua, García was raised monolingual, speaking only her native tongue until reaching primary school, where she was made to learn Spanish.Шаблон:Sfn She completed her primary studies at the 1 de Mayo School in Tocora before moving back to the Campos Province to finish her secondary education.Шаблон:Sfn

García graduated as a primary school teacher from the Franz Tamayo Normal School in Llica. She taught at educational institutions in and around southwest Potosí for over fifteen years.Шаблон:Sfn In tandem, she also pursued instruction in educational management;Шаблон:Sfn taking advantage of the enhanced training opportunities conferred to teachers by the education reform of 1994,Шаблон:Sfn García attended courses in multiple cities, graduating with a bachelor's in intercultural bilingual education from Tomás Frías University and a master's in the same field from the Higher University of San Simón, in addition to receiving a second bachelor's in educational management from Juan Misael Saracho University.Шаблон:Sfn

After graduating, García settled in Cochabamba, where she dedicated herself to a career in teacher training at the Paracaya Normal School in addition to doing research work in the fields of indigenous and second languages.Шаблон:Sfn During this time, between 2007 and 2008, she completed a postgraduate diploma in indigenous rights at Cochabamba's Simón I. Patiño University.Шаблон:Sfn

Chamber of Senators

Election

Шаблон:Further Alongside her work in education, García actively participated in her region's trade syndicates and social movement organizations, holding membership in the Uyuni affiliate of the Unified Regional Federation of Rural Workers of Southwest Potosí.Шаблон:Sfn The organization's early association with the nascent Movement for Socialism (MAS-IPSP) facilitated García's entry into politics, starting out in 1999, when she was elected to a seat on Tomave's municipal council.Шаблон:Sfn

In 2009, García's syndicate nominated her for a seat in the Plurinational Legislative Assembly, and the MAS, in turn, incorporated her onto its slate of Potosí Senate candidates. The decision to designate her to a high Senate position was driven by the implementation of a fifty percent female gender quota, which first took effect this election cycle. As a result of this requirement, García joined the largest delegation of peasant women ever elected to parliament up to that point.Шаблон:Sfnm Uniquely, she was the only newly elected senator not to succeed a man in the position; her predecessor, Carmen Rosa Velásquez, had been the sole female senator elected in 2005.Шаблон:Sfn

Tenure

With the expressed mission of making Bolivia a benchmark country on the topic, García's senatorial term focused on her field of expertise: education.Шаблон:Sfnm She chaired the Senate's Education Committee in her first year, overseeing the initial stages of reviewing and passing 2010's landmark Avelino Siñani Educational Law, which implemented a new system of education, with special emphasis on indigenous and traditional knowledge.Шаблон:Sfnm That bill, notably, was approved by parliament without any modifications from the original draft delivered by the executive, reflectingШаблон:Sndfrom García's perspectiveШаблон:Sndthe MAS's rigid internal hierarchy, which often discouraged legislators from challenging the party line.Шаблон:Sfnm

Over the course of her tenure, the inability of legislators "to participate at all" in decision-making led García to grow disaffected with her party.Шаблон:Sfn By 2013, she had joined the ranks of the so-called "freethinkers", a small faction of MAS dissidents that assumed a critical stance toward the government without fully aligning with the conservative opposition.Шаблон:Sfnm Though a majority of the group's members came from the Chamber of Deputies, they also counted the support of a few senators, including García, but also her regional colleague, Eduardo Maldonado, as well as Pando's senator, Manuel Limachi.Шаблон:Sfn García's break with the ruling party was not without consequences; in 2013, she was expelled from her committee seat, ostensibly due to coordination issues,Шаблон:Sfn and by the end of her term, she was not nominated for reelection.Шаблон:Sfn

Commission assignments

Electoral history

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Year Office Party Votes Result Шаблон:Abbr.
Total % Шаблон:Abbr.
1999 Substitute councillor style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Movement for Socialism 212 9.50% 5th Шаблон:Yes2 Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn-lg
2009 Senator style="background-color:Шаблон:Party color;"| Movement for Socialism 243,855 78.32% 1st Шаблон:Yes2 Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn-lg
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

Publications

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References

Notes

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Footnotes

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Works cited

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External links

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