Английская Википедия:Carmen de Luna

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use Philippine English Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Family name hatnote Шаблон:Infobox person

Carmen de Luna Villajuan (July 16, 1873 – November 4, 1962) was a Filipina educator and co-founded the Centro Escolar University. After completing her own education to train as a teacher, de Luna taught at the private school run by Librada Avelino in Manila and the Pandacan Public Girls' School. In 1907, the two women, along with Fernando Salas founded the Centro Escolar de Señoritas, as a non-sectarian educational facility for girls. Acting as assistant director from 1907 to 1934, she assumed the directorship upon Avelido's death and led the university until her own death in 1962.

For her work with civic and charitable organizations and lifelong commitment to education, de Luna was honored with the Philippine Presidential Medal of Merit, the Vatican's Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice medal, as well as recognition from Spain for her work in preserving Spanish culture and language. A historical marker in recognition of her was placed at the Centro Escolar University by the National Historical Commission of the Philippines.

Early life

Carmen de Luna Villajuan was born on July 16, 1873, in San Miguel, Manila, in the Philippine Islands, which at the time was part of the Spanish Empire, to Ignacia Villajuan and Sebastian de Luna.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn She attended a Catholic boarding school operated by Anacleta Abrera in Binondo, earning her elementary teaching certificate in 1890. To continue her education, de Luna enrolled in the course offered by the sisters of the Assumption Convent,Шаблон:Sfn where she met fellow student Librada Avelino, who would become her collaborator and companion for the rest of her life.Шаблон:Sfn She graduated in 1894 and that same year passed the government examination to obtain her teaching license as a secondary school teacher.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Career

In 1896, de Luna's friend Librada Avelino was loaned a property in Santa Cruz in which to open a school.Шаблон:Sfn As the school grew, it moved from Fernandez Street to San Sebastian Street and de Luna, and Avelino's cousin Margarita "Garit" Oliva joined Avelino, as teachers in the school.Шаблон:Sfn At the end of the Philippine Revolution, the school closed because the new United States authorities changed the educational curricula throughout the country requiring that courses be taught in English.Шаблон:Sfn In 1901, the two friends traveled to Hong Kong to improve their English and after a 6 month stay, returned to the Philippines.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Avelino was employed as the principal of the Pandacan Public Girls' SchoolШаблон:Sfn and de Luna worked for her as a teacher.Шаблон:Sfn De Luna continued her education and earned a bachelor's degree of Arts and Sciences in 1907.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

That same year, DeLuna and Avelino sought the advice of Fernando Salas, a lawyer from a family of educators, about opening a school for women, modeled after the Centro Escolar de Varones (Central School of Men), which Salas was operating. They decided to invest[Notes 1] in the founding of a school in Manila which would be called the Centro Escolar de Señoritas (Central School of Ladies).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Each contributed ₱250Шаблон:Sfn and began to organize a non-sectarian school located at 841 Iris Street, later called Azcarraga Street.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Avelino, De Luna, and Oliva all intended to teach and they hired other women who had graduated from various normal schools, such as sisters Filomena and Ildefonsa Amor; Constancia P. Arrieta; Maria del Pilar Francisco, the first woman lawyer in the Philippines; and Felisa and Domingo Francisco, cousins of Maria.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Salas' teacher candidates included Josué Soncuya, a historian and lawyer; Шаблон:Ill, a journalist and orator; and Alberto Campos, a former soldier in the Spanish army, and a journalist and educator.Шаблон:Sfn After proposing his candidates, Salas withdrew from the venture and retrieved his investment funds.Шаблон:Sfn

The initial board of the Centro Escolar de Señoritas included Avelino as director, de Luna as assistant director, María Francisco as secretary, Felisa Francisco as treasurer and Oliva as administrator.Шаблон:Sfn The course offerings which began with girls' education from kindergarten to high school, expanded in 1921 to offer tertiary courses.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In 1930, the Centro Escolar de Señoritas officially became a university and two years later was incorporated as the Centro Escolar University.Шаблон:Sfn When Avelino died in 1934, de Luna took over the direction of the institution and would continue in that post until her own death.Шаблон:Sfn After the liberation of the Philippines in World War II, the university became co-educational in 1945, making de Luna the only woman in the country to head a university which taught female and male students.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Carmen de Luna historical marker at Centro Escolar University in Manila.jpg
Historical marker at Centro Escolar University, Manila

In addition to her work at the university, de Luna De Luna was actively involved in the Liga de Mujeres Filipinas (Philippine Women's League), which aimed to equalize the civic and socio-economic opportunities afforded to women.Шаблон:Sfn She worked with numerous civic and charitable organizations including La Gota de Leche and the Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, which operated San Beda College; as well as various Catholic charities.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Her work among youth was recognized by President Elpidio Quirino in 1949, who bestowed upon her the Presidential Medal of Merit, the year the honor was inaugurated.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn That same year, she was honored by Pope Pius XII, who awarded her the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice medal for her leadership and service to the Catholic church. In 1950, she received recognition in the form of a Medal an Diploma of Merit from the Spanish government for her work to preserve the Spanish culture and language of the Philippines. For her lifetime of service as a civic leader and educator, de Luna was recognized by President Carlos P. Garcia in 1961.Шаблон:Sfn

Death and legacy

De Luna died on November 4, 1962, in Manila, Republic of the Philippines.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The National Historical Commission of the Philippines affixed a plaque to honor her at the Centro Escolar University in 1973.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

Citations

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