Английская Википедия:Carpet shark

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Carpet sharks are sharks classified in the order Orectolobiformes Шаблон:IPAc-en. Sometimes the common name "carpet shark" (named so because many species resemble ornately patterned carpets) is used interchangeably with "wobbegong", which is the common name of sharks in the family Orectolobidae. Carpet sharks have five gill slits, two spineless dorsal fins, and a small mouth that does not extend past the eyes. Many species have barbels.

Characteristics

The carpet sharks are a diverse group of sharks with differing sizes, appearances, diets, and habits. They first appeared in the fossil record in the Early Jurassic; the oldest known orectolobiform genera are Folipistrix (known from Toarcian to Aalenian of Belgium and Germany), Palaeobrachaelurus (Aalenian to Barremian) and Annea (Toarcian to Bajocian of Europe).[1] All species have two dorsal fins and a relatively short, transverse mouth that does not extend behind the eyes. Besides the nostrils are barbels, tactile sensory organs, and grooves known as nasoral grooves connect the nostrils to the mouth. Five short gill slits are just in front of the origin of the pectoral fin and the fifth slit tends to overlap the fourth one.[2] A spiracle occurs beneath each eye which is used in respiration. The only exception to this rule is the whale shark, the spiracles of which are situated just behind the eyes.[3] Carpet sharks derive their common name from the fact that many species have a mottled appearance with intricate patterns reminiscent of carpet designs. The patterning provides camouflage when the fish is lying on the seabed.[4] The largest carpet shark is the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) which can grow to a length of Шаблон:Convert. It is the largest species of fish, but despite its size, is not dangerous, as it is a filter feeder, drawing in water through its wide mouth and sifting out the plankton. The smallest carpet shark, at up to about Шаблон:Convert long, is the barbelthroat carpet shark, (Cirrhoscyllium expolitum).[3] Some of the most spectacularly coloured members of the order are the necklace carpet shark (Parascyllium variolatum), the zebra shark (Stegostoma fasciatum), and the ornate wobbegong (Orectolobus ornatus). Nurse sharks and whale sharks have a fringe of barbels on their snouts, and barbelthroat carpet sharks (Cirrhoscyllium expolitum) have barbels dangling from their throat regions.

Behaviour

Most carpet sharks feed on the seabed in shallow to medium-depth waters, detecting and picking up molluscs, crustaceans, and other small creatures.[3] The wobbegongs tend to be ambush predators, lying hidden on the seabed until prey approaches. One has been observed swallowing a bamboo shark whole.[5]

The methods of reproduction of carpet sharks varies. Some species are oviparous and lay eggs which may be liberated directly into the water or may be enclosed in horny egg cases. Some female sharks have been observed to push egg cases into crevices and this would be an added protection for the developing embryos. Other species are ovoviviparous and the fertilised eggs are retained in the mother's oviduct. There, the developing embryos, which are usually few in number, feed on their yolk sacs at first and later hatch out and feed on nutrients secreted by the walls of the oviduct. The young are born in an advanced state, ready to live independent lives.[3]

Distribution

Carpet sharks are found in all the oceans of the world but predominantly in tropical and temperate waters. They are most common in the western Indo-Pacific region and are usually found in relatively deep water.[3]

Classification

The order is small, with seven families in 13 genera and with a total of around 43 species:

Family Image Common name Genera Species Description
Brachaeluridae Файл:Blindshark.jpg Blind sharks 1 2 Blind sharks are found in shallow coastal waters up to Шаблон:Convert deep off the eastern coast of Australia.[6] They are distinguished by the presence of long barbels, large spiracles, and grooves around the nostrils. They have two dorsal fins, placed close together on the back, and a relatively short tail. Blind sharks feed on small fish, cuttlefish, sea anemones, and crustaceans. The female retains the eggs in her body until they hatch (ovoviviparity), during which time the embryos feed solely on the egg yolk.[6] Despite their name, blind sharks are not blind; their name comes from their habit of closing their eyes when taken out of water.[6] There are only two species.
Ginglymostomatidae Файл:Nurse shark.jpg Nurse sharks 3 4 Nurse sharks have long tails and distinctive mouths which are far ahead of the eyes and before the snout (subterminal), an indication of the bottom-dwelling (benthic) nature of these sharks. Also present on the lower jaw are two fleshy barbels, chemosensory organs which help the nurse sharks find prey hidden in the sediments. Common in shallow, tropical, and subtropical waters, these sharks are sluggish and docile bottom-dwellers. Nurse sharks typically attack humans only if directly threatened. The largest species can reach a length of Шаблон:Convert.[7]
Hemiscylliidae Файл:Chiloscyllium griseum Oceanopolis.jpg Bamboo sharks 2 extant 4 extinct 16 extant 6 extinct Bamboo sharks, sometimes called longtail carpet sharks, are distinguished by a relatively long snout with subterminal nostrils.[8] They are relatively small sharks, with the largest species reaching only Шаблон:Convert in length. They have elongated, cylindrical bodies, with short barbels and large spiracles. As their common name suggests, they have unusually long tails, exceeding the length of the rest of their bodies. They are found in shallow waters of the tropical Indo-Pacific. They are sluggish fish, feeding on bottom-dwelling invertebrates and smaller fish.[9]
Orectolobidae Файл:Tasseled wobbegong shark.jpg Wobbegong sharks 3 extant 1 extinct 12 extant 1 extinct Wobbegong sharks are well camouflaged with symmetric, bold patterns resembling a carpet. The camouflage is improved by the presence of small weed-like whisker lobes surrounding the jaw, which help to camouflage it and act as sensory barbs.[10] Wobbegongs are bottom-dwelling and spend much time resting on the sea floor. They are found in shallow temperate and tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean, chiefly around Australia and Indonesia. Most species have a maximum length of Шаблон:Convert or less, and the largest reach about Шаблон:Convert in length. Wobbegongs are generally not dangerous to humans unless provoked.[11]
Parascylliidae Файл:Cirrhoscyllium japonicum nagoya.jpg Collared carpet sharks 2 8 Collared carpet sharks have elongated, slender bodies, cat-like eyes, and barbels behind their chins. They are found only in the shallow waters of the western Pacific. They are relatively small sharks, with the largest species reaching no more than Шаблон:Convert in adult length.[12]
Rhincodontidae Файл:Similan Dive Center - great whale shark.jpg Whale sharks 1 1 The whale shark is the largest extant fish species, growing over 12 m (40 ft) long and weighing over 20 tonnes (45,000 lb). It is a slow-moving filter feeder with a very large mouth, feeding mainly, though not exclusively, on plankton. The whale shark is a pelagic species, living in the open sea in tropical and warm oceans with a lifespan around 70 years.[13] The IUCN has assessed it as Endangered.[14]
Stegostomatidae Файл:Océanopolis - les aquariums 010.JPG Zebra sharks 1 1 Zebra sharks are distinctive in appearance, with five longitudinal ridges on a cylindrical body, a low caudal fin comprising nearly half the total length, and a pattern of dark spots on a pale background. They grow to a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), and are found throughout the tropical Indo-Pacific, frequenting coral reefs and sandy flats to a depth of 62 m (210 ft). They are nocturnal and spend most of the day resting motionless on the sea floor. They are innocuous to humans. The IUCN has assessed them as vulnerable and some evidence indicates their numbers are dwindling.[15]

Order Orectolobiformes

See also

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References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Shark nav Шаблон:Chondrichthyes Шаблон:Selachimorpha Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Akaimia не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:FishBase family
  7. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase family
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase family
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:FishBase family
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite iucn
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite iucn
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Allen, G.R., Erdmann, M.V. & Dudgeon, C.L. (2013): Hemiscyllium halmahera, a new species of Bamboo Shark (Hemiscylliidae) from Indonesia. aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology, 19 (3): 123-136.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
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