Английская Википедия:Carrickshock incident

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Шаблон:Use Irish English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox civil conflict The Carrickshock incident, Carrickshock massacre, or battle of Carrickshock[1] was a confrontation between the Irish Constabulary and local Catholic tenant farmers near Carrickshock, near Hugginstown, County Kilkenny, on 14 December 1831, during the Tithe War in Ireland.Шаблон:Sfn Seventeen were killed: fourteen of a party attempting to collect tithes and three of the crowd of locals who confronted them. The incident was unusual among massacres in the Tithe War in that the majority of casualties were supporters rather than opponents of tithes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Background

In Ireland from 1830, beginning in Kilkenny, Roman Catholic tenant farmers began withholding the tithes they were obliged to pay to the vicar of the local Church of Ireland parish.Шаблон:Sfn Dr. Hans Hamilton was rector of Knocktopher, a union of five parishes: Knocktopher, Aghaviller, Kilmoganny, Dunnamaggin, and Derrynahinch.Шаблон:Sfn[2] and in January 1831 he refused the request of a delegation of tenants to reduce their tithe rate.Шаблон:Sfn In March, Hamilton began legal proceedings to enforce collection, and in November the Dublin Castle administration issued tithe processes relating to the defaulters. Hamilton's land agent, James Bunbury, employed Edmund Butler, a local butcher, to serve these processes to the tenants.Шаблон:Sfn The local resident magistrate, Joseph Green, authorised a Constabulary escort.

On 12 December, Butler set out, protected by 38 constables under the command of a sub-inspector, Captain James Gibbons, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars.Шаблон:Sfn Although the notices were delivered peacefully for two days, a group of locals gathered on the evening of 13 December.Шаблон:Sfn Lahert states the locals had been exasperated by insulting behaviour from Butler.Шаблон:Sfn A man wearing a sash warned the collectors that trouble would ensue if they returned the following day.Шаблон:Sfn This man was later reputed to be William Keane, a hedge schoolmaster and veteran of the 1798 Wexford Rebellion who had arrived in nearby Ballyhale in 1830.Шаблон:Sfn

Affray

On 14 December, Butler's party was followed through the morning by bands of locals in paramilitary formation, summoned by blowing of horns and ringing of bells in the local Catholic chapels.Шаблон:Sfn (The ropes of the bells were outdoors and might be rung be anyone; Joseph Green was confident that priests had not colluded in the organisation.[3]) About midday they were on the way from Ballyhale to Hugginstown when they were confronted in a boreen (narrow lane) in the townland of Carrickshock Commons,Шаблон:Sfn near the hamlet of Carrickshock in the neighbouring townland of Ballygeardra. The lane was flanked by high stone walls, and one or two thousand locals barred the route and surrounded Butler's group, shouting "We'll have Butler or blood!"Шаблон:Sfn A youth ran into the party and grabbed Butler, who was pulled back by a constable.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The youth was bayonetted by two constables and shot by Gibbons.Шаблон:Sfn Butler was struck on the head by a stone hurled from the crowd.Шаблон:Sfn Captain Gibbons ordered his men to open fire; they got off 20 rounds but could not reload in the confined space.Шаблон:Sfn The crowd began hurling rocks from the walls onto the party.Шаблон:Sfn Within five or ten minutes the affray was over; Butler, Gibbons, and 11 constables had been killed or mortally wounded, and 14 constables severely injured, by blows from rocks, mallets and hurleys and stab wounds from pikes and scythes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Three locals were killed and an unknown number injured.Шаблон:Sfn Though not named in contemporary sources, since 1907 the names of the three dead have been given as James Treacy (the bayonetted youth) of Kilcurl, Patrick Power of Kilcurl, and Thomas Phelan of Kilkeasy.Шаблон:Sfn

Arrests and trials

William Keane was never apprehended and was rumoured to have fled to America.Шаблон:Sfn Eleven men were sent to trial for murder at the Kilkenny assizes in 1832.Шаблон:Sfn

At the spring assizes in March, John Kennedy was acquitted. He was defended by Daniel O'Connell, who argued that an impartial jury was impossible, and that a ballad praising the Carrickshock 'murderers' was prejudicial.Шаблон:Sfn Trial of the remaining suspects was postponed to the summer assizes in July.Шаблон:Sfn

A crowd of up to 200,000 from surrounding counties gathered at an anti-tithe meeting at Ballyhale in July 1832, in part to intimidate jurors at the murder trial.Шаблон:Sfn John Ryan was discharged after two trials with hung jury, and William Voss was acquitted.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Charges were dropped for the remaining suspects: Thomas Ryan, Patrick Carty, John Daly, Richard Grennan, Patrick Dwyer, Edmond Duggan, William Walsh, and Thomas Egan.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Aftermath

Hamilton left his parish the night after the riot and emigrated to England, where he died eight years later.Шаблон:Sfn The Church of Ireland bishops decided to suspend collection of tithes pending discussion by Parliament of the security situation.Шаблон:Sfn Collection resumed in April 1833,Шаблон:Sfn but the Tithe War lasted till 1838.

Of the 38 constables, 24 were Protestants, of whom 9 were killed and 11 wounded, while of the 14 Catholics only 2 were killed and 4 wounded.[4] Colonel Sir John Harvey stated that, though he felt this discrepancy was accidental and not sectarian in cause, it had created tension between Catholic and Protestant members of the Constabulary.[5]

Remembrance

Файл:Group at Hugginstown (28146111745).jpg
The 1925 committee involved in the construction of a memorial to the Carrickshock incident

"Carrickshock!" was a slogan used in subsequent decades by nationalist crowds confronting the Constabulary (from 1867 the Royal Irish Constabulary or RIC) and other agents of the state. Gary Owens notes six commemorative poems and ballads, four in English and two in Irish, published in the following years.Шаблон:Sfn The Irish Folklore Commission collected numerous legends relating to the incident. The incident features in the novels The Tithe Proctor (1849) by William Carleton and Ulick Grace, or, A Tale of the Tithes (1880) by John Locke.Шаблон:Sfn

The incident has remained important in the local nationalist historical narrative.Шаблон:Sfn On 8 March 1920, during the Irish War of Independence, an Irish Republican Army assault on the RIC barracks at Hugginstown began with a muster at the Carrickshock site, chosen not for tactical but for symbolic value.Шаблон:Sfn In July 1925, a celtic cross memorial to the three locals killed was erected at the site of the incident.[6]Шаблон:Sfn In 1928, the GAA clubs of Hugginstown and Knockmoylan merged to a new club with the name Carrickshock.

References

Sources

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Notes

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Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  2. ↑ First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.653
  3. ↑ First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.397–8; q.422
  4. ↑ First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, q.495
  5. ↑ First Rep. of Sel. Cttee on Tithes 1832, qq.44–50
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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