Английская Википедия:Cartography of Jerusalem

The cartography of Jerusalem prior to modern surveying techniques is focused only on the Old City, shown here. The expansion of the city from the mid-nineteenth century coincided with the production of the first modern map (see the Ordnance Survey map in the list below).

The cartography of Jerusalem is the creation, editing, processing and printing of maps of Jerusalem from ancient times until the rise of modern surveying techniques. Most extant maps known to scholars from the pre-modern era were prepared by Christian mapmakers for a Christian European audience.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Maps of Jerusalem can be categorised between original factual maps, copied maps and imaginary maps, the latter being based on religious books.Шаблон:Sfn The maps were produced in a variety of materials, including parchment, vellum, mosaic, wall paintings and paper.Шаблон:Sfn All maps marking milestones in the cartography of Jerusalem are listed here following the cartographic histories of the city, from Titus Tobler and Reinhold Röhricht's studies in the 19th century to those of Hebrew University of Jerusalem academics Rehav Rubin and Milka Levy-Rubin in recent decades. The article lists maps that progressed the cartography of Jerusalem before the rise of modern surveying techniques, showing how mapmaking and surveying improved and helped outsiders to better understand the geography of the city. Imaginary maps of the ancient city and copies of existing maps are excluded.

The Madaba Map discovered in modern-day Jordan is the oldest known map of Jerusalem,Шаблон:Sfn in the form of a mosaic in a Greek Orthodox Church. At least 12 maps survive from the Catholic mapmakers of the Crusades; they were drawn on vellum and mostly show the city as a circle.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Approximately 500 maps are known between the late-1400s and the mid-1800s; the significant increase in number is due to the advent of the printing press. The first printed map of the city was drawn by Erhard Reuwich and published in 1486 by Bernhard von Breydenbach in his Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam, based on his pilgrimage of 1483.Шаблон:Sfn Few of the mapmakers had travelled to Jerusalem – most of the maps were either copies of others' maps or were imaginary (i.e. based on reading of religious texts) in nature.Шаблон:Sfn The first map based on actual field measurements was published in 1818 by the Czech mapmaker Franz Wilhelm Sieber.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The first map based on modern surveying techniques was published by Charles Wilson in 1864–65 for the British Ordnance Survey.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Notable maps of Jerusalem

Early religious (6th–7th centuries)


Date	Title	Cartographer	Comments	Image
Шаблон:Circa 560–565Шаблон:Sfn	Madaba Map	unknown	The earliest known map of Jerusalem, and oldest known geographic floor mosaic in art history.Шаблон:Sfn The mosaic was discovered in 1884, but no research was carried out until 1896.Шаблон:Sfn^[1] It has been heavily used for the localisation and verification of sites in Byzantine Jerusalem, such as the Damascus Gate, the Lions' Gate, the Golden Gate, the Zion Gate, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Tower of David; in 1967, excavations revealed The Nea church and the Cardo Maximus (the road depicted in the map that runs through the centre of Jerusalem) in the locations suggested by the Madaba Map.Шаблон:Sfn^[2]	The 6th century mosaic of Jerusalem
Шаблон:Circa 680Шаблон:Sfn	Arculf map	Arculf via Adomnán	Ground plan from the first book of De Locis Sanctis. The map shows relevant Christian sites in relation to each other.Шаблон:Sfn The earliest known manuscript dates from the ninth century, two centuries after Arculf's journey.Шаблон:Sfn It was the oldest known map of Jerusalem prior to the discovery of the Madaba map.Шаблон:Sfn Arculf spent nine months in Jerusalem before transmitting the story of his travels to Adomnán, for the benefit of other pilgrims. Adomnán wrote that Arculf had drawn his maps and plans on wax tablets.Шаблон:Sfn Not all the known manuscripts of the text include the maps and plans.Шаблон:Sfn	A 7th century black and white drawing of Jerusalem
Шаблон:Circa 785	Umm ar-Rasas mosaics	unknown	Part of the mosaic floor at the center of the Umm ar-Rasas Byzantine St. Stephen's church depicting Jerusalem, identifying it as Hagia Polis in Greek, the Holy City. The mosaic floor depicts eight cities west of the Jordan River, Jerusalem being the first one, while the right side depicting seven cities east of the Jordan River, and the inner corners depicting cities of the Nile Delta. The entire mosaic appears to have been completed during the Abbasid Caliphate.^[3]	An 8th century Byzantine mosaic of Jerusalem

Crusader maps (12th–14th centuries)

The Crusader maps were first catalogued in the late 19th century by Reinhold Röhricht;Шаблон:Sfn he catalogued eight maps, which he labelled (1) Brüssel, (2) Copenhagen, (3) Florenz?, (4) Haag, (5) München (6) St. Omer, (7) Paris and (8) Stuttgart.Шаблон:Sfn Map (3) was later identified as the Uppsala map,Шаблон:Sfn and map (5) is the Arculf map (see section above).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Today, at least 12 such maps are known.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

A majority of the crusader maps are known as "round maps”, showing the city as a perfect circle, considered to symbolize the “ideal city”.Шаблон:Sfn These maps have unique features, but they are all related; it is likely that there was an original prototype from which these maps were derived.Шаблон:Sfn Four of the earlier round maps are associated with the Gesta Francorum; it has been suggested that illustrating this text may have been the purpose of the prototype round map.Шаблон:Sfn All the round maps are east-facing, like the T and O maps of the world to which they show a number of similarities, have five gates in non-symmetrical locations, and show the actual basic street plan of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn The maps show two central roads in the shape of a cross, likely to represent the Roman cardo and decumanus, with an additional street leading to Yehoshafat's Gate and – in most but not all – a fourth street starting at St. Stephen's Gate.Шаблон:Sfn


Date	Title	Cartographer	Comments	Image
1140sШаблон:Sfn	Cambrai map	unknown	From the Médiathèque d'agglomération de Cambrai. It is considered to be the most accurate of the Crusader maps,Шаблон:Sfn highly likely to be based on direct knowledge.Шаблон:Sfn The walls of the city are shown in the shape of a rhomboid, from an elevation perspective.Шаблон:Sfn The map provides names for gates and towers, shows some main streets, and marks the main buildings and churches.Шаблон:Sfn The Holy Sephulchre is shown in its new Crusader form and labelled "Anastasis", the Al Aqsa Mosque is labelled "Domus Militum Templi", and numerous eastern churches are shown – Mar Saba, Chariton's lavra, St George, St Abraham, St Bartholomew, and the Jacobite church of St Mary Magdalene.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century sketch drawing of Jerusalem
Шаблон:Circa 1150Шаблон:Sfn	Brussels map	unknown	A round map in decorative style with miniatures of pilgrims.Шаблон:Sfn The map is from the Royal Library of Belgium, dated to the mid 12th century.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
Шаблон:Circa 1170Шаблон:Sfn	Hague map	unknown	The most famous of eleven round Crusader maps.Шаблон:Sfn The map is in decorative style with miniatures of fighting crusaders.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
1100sШаблон:Sfn	Paris map	unknown	A round map with detailed pictures of buildings.Шаблон:Sfn It is one of four crusader maps with a connection to the Gesta Francorum,Шаблон:Sfn from a copy of the Liber Floridus held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France it carries part of the text from the Gesta Francorum around and within the map.Шаблон:Sfn Thought to be from the 12th century.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
1100sШаблон:Sfn	Uppsala map	unknown	Another of the four round maps with a connection to the Gesta Francorum.Шаблон:Sfn It is located in a manuscript between Robert the Monk's Historia Hierosolymitana and the Gesta Francorum (presented as the 10th book of the Historia Hierosolymitana),Шаблон:Sfn held in the Uppsala University Library. It was rediscovered in 1995.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
1100sШаблон:Sfn	Saint Omer map	unknown	A round map from a copy of the Gesta Francorum held in the French town of Saint-Omer.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
Шаблон:Circa 1200	London map	unknown	From a miscellaneous set of manuscripts in the British Library. It is another of the four round maps with a connection to the Gesta Francorum; it carries part of the text from the Gesta Francorum around and within the map.Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem and the Holy Land with the city in a round shape
Шаблон:Circa 1200	Codex Harley map	unknown	From the British Library's Harleian Library. The map represents the itinerary of a pilgrim, with Jerusalem as its highlight.Шаблон:Sfn It is unrelated to the other round maps, as it has only four symmetrical gates, and has no crossroads. The map "has no pretense of accuracy", but rather presents "the author's conception of his journey".Шаблон:Sfn	A 12th century diagram of Jerusalem and the Holy Land with the city in a round shape
Шаблон:Circa 1200s	Montpellier map	unknown	Held in the University of Montpellier library. The map is north-facing, is the only crusader map in a square shape, and includes a description of crusader forces arrayed outside the walls of the city.Шаблон:Sfn The sites identified on the map – various sites of the Passion of Jesus, the site where Helena found the cross, and the navel of the earth – are in locations "only remotely related to reality".Шаблон:Sfn	A 13th century diagram of Jerusalem in a square shape
Шаблон:Circa 1250Шаблон:Sfn	Matthew Paris map	Шаблон:Sortname	Pilgrimage map from Chronica Majora. It is likely to have been based on a set of itineraries.Шаблон:Sfn	A 13th century drawing of Jerusalem
1300sШаблон:Sfn	Copenhagen map	unknown	A round map in northern European style.Шаблон:Sfn The annotations were probably made by Haukr Erlendsson.Шаблон:Sfn	A 14th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
1300sШаблон:Sfn	Stuttgart map	unknown	A round map from the Württembergische Landesbibliothek. It was originally acquired from the Zwiefalten Abbey, and is thought to be from the 14th century.Шаблон:Sfn	A 14th century diagram of Jerusalem in a round shape
1321Шаблон:Sfn	Sanudo-Vesconte map	Шаблон:Sortname	Published in Liber Secretorum. The work was intended to rekindle the spirit of the crusades. It is considered likely that the cartography dates from prior to the Crusaders' final loss of Jerusalem in 1244.Шаблон:Sfn The map focuses on the city's water supply.Шаблон:Sfn The map ”has no obvious precursor” in map form; it is thought to have used texts from Josephus and Burchard of Mount Sion.Шаблон:Sfn	A 14th century sketch of Jerusalem

Notable 15th–18th century maps


Date	Title	Cartographer	Comments	Image
1472Шаблон:Sfn	Comminelli map	Шаблон:Sortname	Map prepared for Alfonso II of Naples. It was one of a number of maps to accompany Jacopo d'Angelo's Latin translation of Ptolemy's Geography, copied by French copyist Hugo Comminelli and illustrated by the Florentine cartographer Pietro del Massaio.Шаблон:Sfn It is considered a "realistic" map, but includes a number of imaginary historical elements. Contemporary elements in the map include the Muristan, labelled "Hospicium Peregrinorum" and the Dome of the Rock with an Islamic crescent on top, labelled "Templum Solomonis", whilst imaginary elements include the centre of the world ("mundi medium") located at the Holy Sepulchre.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 15th century
1475Шаблон:Sfn	Rieter map	Шаблон:Sortname	Considered to be the first known "Franciscan map" of Jerusalem. The map depicts Jerusalem from the viewpoint of the Mount of Olives.Шаблон:Sfn The Franciscan order, which had been appointed by the Vatican as custodians of the Holy Places in 1342, was devoted to spreading knowledge of the city. Many of the city's primary buildings are drawn "fairly accurately".Шаблон:Sfn Rieter and his companion Hans Tucher were pilgrims from Nuremberg; the text is a mixture of Latin and Italian.Шаблон:Sfn The al-Aqsa Mosque is labeled as the "Church of the Saracens" (Ecclesie Sarazeni).Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 15th century
1483–86Шаблон:Sfn	Reuwich map	Шаблон:Sortname	First printed map of Jerusalem. It was published by Bernhard von Breydenbach in Mainz (where the printing press had been invented) in his Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam.Шаблон:Sfn The map is set "vastly out of scale" in a map of the wider Holy Land.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 15th century
1578Шаблон:Sfn	de Angelis map	Шаблон:Sortname	The most influential Franciscan map of Jerusalem, copied by numerous subsequent mapmakers. The map, engraved by Mario Cartaro and printed at the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli in Rome, was rediscovered in 1981.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 16th century
1608Шаблон:Sfn	Willenberg map	Шаблон:Sortname	Published in Kryštof Harant's Journey from Bohemia to the Holy Land, by way of Venice and the Sea. It was the first Czech travelogue of Palestine; Harant measured the Holy Sepulchre in detail, comparing it to Prague's St. Vitus Cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 17th century
1620Шаблон:Sfn	Amico map	Шаблон:Sortname	A corrected version of the de Angelis map. The map was made by de Angelis's successor as the official Franciscan mapmaker. The work was published in 1620 in a detailed survey of the Holy Land Trattato delle Piante & Imagini de Sacri Edificii di Terra Santa, disegnate in Gierusalemme [Treatise on the Plans & Images of Sacred Buildings of the Holy Land, drawn in Jerusalem].Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 17th century
1621Шаблон:Sfn	Deshayes map	Шаблон:Sortname	The first printed map to map to present the city from a vertical bird's-eye view. The work was published in 1624, in Voyage du Levant, fait par le commandement du roi en 1621, detailing Deshayes' journey to the region under the orders of Louis XIII.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 17th century
1634Шаблон:Sfn	Munich map	unknown	Proskynetarion produced in Jerusalem and Mar Saba. It is the oldest known 17th and 18th century Greek Orthodox map of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn The author is identified as a Jerusalem-based monk from Crete named Akakios (Ἀκακίου ἱερομοναχοῦ τοῦ Κρητὸς).Шаблон:Sfn Like most such Greek Orthodox maps, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a central and outsized component of the map.Шаблон:Sfn The map is a south-facing birds eye-view of an oval-shaped Jerusalem, showing realistic depictions of a number of the city's main buildings. The Islamic crescent is shown on top of a number of structures, including the Dome of the Rock.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 17th century
1728Шаблон:Sfn	De-Pierre Map	De Pierre	Considered to be a comparatively accurate depiction, with an unusual focus on Christian monasteries in and around Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn The map was drawn by an otherwise unknown pilgrim from Vienna, signed De Pierre Eques S.S. Sepulchri. It is likely to have been copied from a map published in the same year by Patriarch Chrysanthus of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn The map was dedicated to empress Elisabeth Christine, the wife of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 18th century

Notable 19th century maps


Date	Title	Cartographer	Comments	Image
1818Шаблон:Sfn	Sieber map	Шаблон:Sortname	First map based on actual field measurements.Шаблон:Sfn It has been described as "the first modern mapping" of Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn The map was based on 200 accurate and precise geometric points, such that the wall, the Kidron valley and certain mosques were shown correctly, but some city streets and valleys were not drawn correctly, some buildings and some features were included where they did not exist.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1835Шаблон:Sfn	Catherwood map	Шаблон:Sortname	Second map based on actual field measurements,Шаблон:Sfn and the first to have used measurements for the interior of the Temple Mount.^[4] Travel to the region became easier after the 1831–33 Egyptian–Ottoman War; the survey of the area undertaken by Catherwood and his companions Joseph Bonomi and Francis Arundale was to be "the first important contribution to knowledge of the area" for the subsequent flood of travellers to the area.Шаблон:Sfn Catherwood supplemented a general survey with a detailed outline of the city recorded with a Camera lucida, prepared from the roof of the House of Pontius Pilate.Шаблон:Sfn Although never published in book form, Catherwood's maps were used frequently by other scholars, notably in Edward Robinson's Biblical Researches.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1841Шаблон:Sfn	Royal Engineers map	Шаблон:Sortname and Шаблон:Sortname	Created during the Oriental Crisis of 1840. The map was published in 1849 with permission of the Master-General of the Ordnance, the Marquess of Anglesey.Шаблон:Sfn The map was printed privately for the Board of Ordnance in August 1841, and was published in a reduced form in Alderson's ‘’Professional Papers of the Royal Engineers’’ in 1845^[5] and subsequently as a supplement to the 1849 second edition of George Williams’ The Holy City: Historical, Topographical, and Antiquarian Notices of Jerusalem together with a 130-page memoir on the plan.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The memoir contained a three-page appendix defending the plan from criticism by Edward Robinson.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1845Шаблон:Sfn	Kiepert map	Шаблон:Sortname	Based on the Royal Engineers' map, together with data from Ernst Gustav Schultz, who had been the Prussian consul since 1842.Шаблон:Sfn It was published as part of Schultz's lecture to the Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin. It shows the contemporary city with biblical overlays.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1858Шаблон:Sfn	Van de Velde map	Шаблон:Sortname	One of the most accurate maps published prior to the Ordnance Survey.Шаблон:Sfn Van de Velde met Titus Tobler in Switzerland in 1855, where they agreed to make a new map of Jerusalem based on combining Tobler's own measurements with the flawed Royal Engineers map of 1840–41. Tobler published a 26-page memoir to accompany the map.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1864–65Шаблон:Sfn	Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem	Шаблон:Sortname	First map using modern surveying techniques,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn and the first Ordnance Survey to take place outside the United Kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn It produced "the first perfectly accurate map [of Jerusalem], even in the eyes of modern cartography",Шаблон:Sfn and identified the eponymous Wilson's Arch. The survey provided the foundation and impetus for the creation of the Palestine Exploration Fund.Шаблон:Sfn The cost of providing the Royal Engineers surveyors was covered by the British Government's War Office,Шаблон:Sfn while the survey itself was funded by Angela Burdett-Coutts.Шаблон:Sfn	A detailed technical ordnance survey map of Jerusalem from the 19th century
1873Шаблон:Sfn	Illés Relief	Шаблон:Sortname	The first scientific relief model of the city.^[6] It was constructed between 1864 and 1873 for the 1873 Vienna World's Fair, from molten and beaten zinc at 1:500 scale.Шаблон:Sfn It was displayed for more than 40 years at Geneva's Calvinium, when it was moved into storage in 1920 to make way for the League of Nations; rediscovered in 1984, it has been exhibited at the Tower of David Museum in Jerusalem since the 1990s.Шаблон:Sfn	A three-dimensional model of Jerusalem from the 19th century

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Google Arts & Culture, Maps of the Holy Land and Jerusalem
Maps of Jerusalem at the National Library of Israel: 1000–1800 1800–1900 1900–

Шаблон:Medieval travelogues of Palestine Шаблон:Cartography topics

Шаблон:Featured list

↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ Шаблон:Cite news
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, ‘The first surveyed maps of Jerusalem’, Eretz-Israel. Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies 11 (1973) [Hebrew].
↑ ”Addition to ‘Notes on Acre’”, Papers on Subjects connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, VII, 1845, pp. 46–47
↑ Шаблон:Cite news

[1] Шаблон:Cite news

[2] Шаблон:Cite news

[3] Шаблон:Cite book

[4] Yehoshua Ben-Arieh, ‘The first surveyed maps of Jerusalem’, Eretz-Israel. Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies 11 (1973) [Hebrew].

[5] ”Addition to ‘Notes on Acre’”, Papers on Subjects connected with the Duties of the Corps of Royal Engineers, VII, 1845, pp. 46–47

[6] Шаблон:Cite news

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Английская Википедия:Cartography of Jerusalem

Содержание

Notable maps of Jerusalem

Early religious (6th–7th centuries)

Crusader maps (12th–14th centuries)

Notable 15th–18th century maps

Notable 19th century maps

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

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