Английская Википедия:Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Booster Шаблон:Infobox university

Case Western Reserve School of Medicine (CWRU SOM, CaseMed) is the medical school of Case Western Reserve University, a private research university in Cleveland, Ohio. It is the largest biomedical research center in Ohio.[1] CWRU SOM is primarily affiliated with University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland Clinic, and the MetroHealth System.[2]

History

On November 1, 1843, under President George Edmond Pierce, five faculty members including Jared Potter Kirtland and John Delamater, and sixty-seven students began the first medical lectures at the Medical Department of Western Reserve College (also known as the Cleveland Medical College) in Hudson, Ohio.[3][4] Kirtland and Delamater had previously been instructors at a medical college started in 1834, the Medical Department of Willoughby University of Lake Erie, which had closed in 1843 due to faculty disagreements.[3] Other faculty from that Medical Department went on to found Willoughby Medical College of Columbus, a precursor to the Ohio State University College of Medicine.[5]

Файл:CaseMed in 1843.jpg
Medical Department of Western Reserve College 1843-1885 located at E. 9th and St. Clair.
Файл:Emily Blackwell.jpg
Emily Blackwell – 1854 MD alumna. CaseMed graduated six of the first seven women to receive U.S. medical degrees.

Women in Medicine

In 1852, the medical school became the second in the U.S. to graduate a woman, Nancy Talbot Clark. 1854 MD alumna, Emily Blackwell became the third woman in the US to receive a regular medical degree. Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University between 1850 and 1856, which included Marie Zakrzewska.

Flexner Report

In 1909, Abraham Flexner surveyed and evaluated each of the 155 medical schools then extant in North America, with his results published the following year in what came to be known as the Flexner Report. The results proved shocking: most "medical schools," for example, had entrance requirements no more stringent than either high school diploma or "rudiments or the recollection of a common school education."

Файл:Cover of the Medical School catalog of 1868-69.jpg
Cover of the Medical School catalog of 1868–69.

Only sixteen schools required at least two years of college as an entrance requirement, and of these, Johns Hopkins, Harvard, and Western Reserve were the only schools to require an undergraduate degree. Although Johns Hopkins represented his ideal, Flexner also singled out the Medical Department of Western Reserve University for its praiseworthy admission standards and facilities. Flexner referred to Western Reserve as "already one of the substantial schools in the country." In a letter to Western Reserve president Charles Franklin Thwing he said, "The Medical Department of Western Reserve University is, next to Johns Hopkins..., the best in the country."

Western Reserve curriculum

A little over 40 years later, in 1952, the Western Reserve University School of Medicine revolutionized medical education with the "new curriculum of 1952" and more advanced stages in 1968. This was the most progressive medical curriculum in the country at that time, integrating the basic and clinical sciences.[6][7] L. O. Krampitz chaired the subcommittee which implemented the curriculum reform.[8]

Research history

Development of the modern technique for human blood transfusion using a cannula to connect blood vessels; first large-scale medical research project on humans in a study linking iodine with goiter prevention; pioneering use of drinking water chlorination; discovery of the cause of ptomaine food poisoning and development of serum against it and similar poisons; first surgical treatments of coronary artery disease; discovery of early treatment of strep throat infections to prevent rheumatic fever; development of an early heart-lung machine to be used during open-heart surgery procedures; discovery of the Hageman factor in blood clotting, a major discovery in blood coagulation research; first description of how staphylococcus infections are transmitted, leading to required hand-washing between patients in infant nurseries; first description of what was later named Reye's syndrome; research leading to FDA approval of clozapine, the most advanced treatment for schizophrenia in 40 years at the time; discovery of the gene for osteoarthritis; and creation with Athersys, Inc., of the world's first human artificial chromosome.Шаблон:Citation needed

Health Education Campus

Шаблон:Main In 2019, the School of Medicine relocated to the Samson Pavilion Health Education Campus on the campus of the Cleveland Clinic, a $515 million building project, amid a multi-million dollar joint fundraising campaign between CWRU and the Cleveland Clinic.[9] The campus houses students Case Western Reserve School of Medicine (CCLCM and traditional MD programs), Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing and Case School of Dental Medicine, all of which—with the exception of CCLCM—had previously held classes on the campus of CWRU and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center.[10] The move, announced in 2013, was a major contributing factor for University Hospitals to shift its name from University Hospitals Case Medical Center to University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center in 2016, as well as renegotiate its affiliation agreement with CWRU that same year.[11]

Academics

Prospective students have the option of three degree paths leading to a medical degree at the School of Medicine: the University Program, the College Program, or the Medical Scientist Training Program.

University Program

The University Program is a traditional four-year Doctor of Medicine program designed to train well-rounded physicians in a curriculum called the Western Reserve2 (WR2) which is built on four cornerstones of clinical mastery, research and scholarship, leadership, and civic professionalism to prepare students for the ongoing practice of evidence-based medicine in the rapidly changing healthcare environment of the 21st century. The goal of this program is to challenge students so that they affect positive change through treating disease, promoting health, and understanding the social and behavioral context of illness. The four-year curriculum unites the disciplines of medicine and public health into a single, integrated program that trains future physicians to consider the interplay between the biology of disease and the social and behavioral context of illness, between the care of the individual patient and the health of the public, and between clinical medicine and population medicine.

The University Program seeks to create physician-scholars who are leaders in science, practice and health care policy. Students learn primarily through small group discussions, large group experiences, lectures, interactive anatomy sessions, clinical skills training and patient-based activities. The learning process is supplemented by a rich array of digital resources, including virtual microscopy, ultrasound, and Microsoft Hololens - HoloAnatomy.

The environment encourages scientific inquiry and self-directed learning. Students are immersed in a graduate-school atmosphere characterized by flexibility, independent study and collegial interaction with faculty. Students complete in-depth, mentored research experiences based on their individual interests, with the goal of understanding the scientific process so that they may critically read and analyze scientific literature and know how to formulate hypotheses. These lifelong learning skills are essential in both clinical and research-oriented practices. All students also receive mentoring and individualized career counseling as members of one of six academic student affairs societies.

The principles of health and population medicine are firmly embedded within the University Program curriculum from the moment students begin their training at CWRU in an introductory five-week block called, "Becoming a Doctor."

In typical programs, students begin their medical education by studying basic science at the molecular level, not fully aware of the relevance that this knowledge will have in their future education or how it relates to the actual practice of medicine.  The University Program begins differently, however, with an introduction to health and disease within the broader context of society. This introduction provides both a perspective and a framework for subsequent learning of biomedical and population sciences.

One of the hallmarks of the University Program in the first two years of WR2 is Case Inquiry (IQ). Case Inquiry (IQ) is a student-centered, small group learning method that is adapted from the “new” Problem Based Learning (PBL) approach introduced at McMaster University School of Medicine in 2005. IQ is the cornerstone of learning in the WR2 Curriculum. Eight students are joined with one faculty facilitator which comprises an "IQ Team" that meets three times a week to approach two patient cases that naturally evoke inquiry and motivation for learning.

Students develop their own learning objectives for each of two cases on Mondays and then return on Wednesdays and Fridays to discuss the reading, research and learning that they have accomplished relating to their objectives for each case. Resources and supplemental resources are provided to compliment the learning for each case. Wednesday and Friday IQ sessions are highly discussion based where students collaborate to understand key concepts and build knowledge. As with other components of the WR2 Curriculum, the IQ process promotes deep concept learning. Unlike many forms of more traditional PBL, all students within the IQ team are responsible for researching all student-generated learning objectives. This assures that all students take primary responsibility for their own learning and are prepared to discuss all objectives.

Each IQ session ends with a phase called "checkout" that allows for the continuous quality improvement of the team function and provides regular opportunity for self-reflection and peer feedback. Throughout their experience in IQ, students develop skills of teamwork, professionalism, critical thinking and effective utilization of resources (Evidence-based IQ), including primary literature.

A number of exercises are developmentally introduced to the IQ teams over the course of the first two years of WR2, the Foundations of Medicine and Health, with the goals of promoting reflection, practice in presenting patients, development of clinical reasoning and interprofessional education.

The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

The Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine (CCLCM) is an educational program within the CWRU School of Medicine administered in conjunction with Cleveland Clinic. The program is five years, including a dedicated year for research. The Cleveland Clinic established the school in 2002 with a $100 million gift from Norma and Al Lerner,[12] and CCLCM accepted its first class of students in 2004.[13] Physician researcher Eric Topol played an important role in securing the donation from the Lerner family.[14] Topol served as Provost and Chief Academic Officer at CCLCM until 2006, when his position was eliminated amid controversy regarding his criticism of Vioxx and disagreements with other Cleveland Clinic leaders, including then-CEO Toby Cosgrove.[15]

The class size each year is 32 students, and the curriculum is notable for its lack of class rank, pre-clinical or clinical grading, or end-of-course examinations.[13] In 2008, Cleveland Clinic announced that all students entering the program would receive full-tuition scholarships, representing the first medical school program in the United States not to charge students tuition.[16] The Cleveland Clinic, rather than CWRU, is responsible for all financial aspects of the school.[13] Administration of the school, including deans, administrative staff, and admissions, is separate from the School of Medicine, which provides oversight over academic affairs at CCLCM.[13]

The Lerner College of Medicine program is one of three distinct medical school programs, specifically called the College Program, within the CWRU School of Medicine. College Program students are awarded a special degree by Case Western Reserve University: Medical Doctor with Special Qualifications in Biomedical Research.

As of summer 2019, students from both CCLCM and the CWRU School of Medicine University Program, along with CWRU nursing, dental medicine and physician assistant students, share the same learning environment. Called the Health Education Campus, located across from Cleveland Clinic's main entrance, this state-of-the-future space was designed specifically to allow these groups of training medical professionals to learn with—and from—each other.

CCLCM students have access to all the resources available to other CWRU medical students, including shared social events start at orientation, participation in Doc Opera, special interest groups, panels, and other activities. Students from the three programs - University Program, College Program, and MSTP - are together for events such as the White Coat Ceremony, Match Day and Commencement. Students also interact in their required clinical rotations at area hospitals and healthcare facilities.

Medical Scientist Training Program

The Medical Scientist Training Program awards MD and PhD degrees upon graduation. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine was the first medical school to offer the dual degree MD-PhD program to its students in 1956, nearly a decade before the National Institutes of Health developed the first Medical Scientist Training Program.[17]

In 2002, the School of Medicine became the third institution in history to receive the highest review possible from the body that grants accreditation to U.S. and Canadian medical degree programs, the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.[18]

Primary Teaching Hospitals

Файл:Case-UH affiliation.jpg
In 1896, the first affiliation agreement was approved between Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland[19]

Other teaching affiliates

Student life

Academic Societies

Файл:Allen Memorial Medical Library Exterior.jpg
Allen Memorial Medical Library

The CWRU School of Medicine School is divided into six societies named after famous CaseMed alums. Upon matriculation, students in the University Program and MSTP are assigned to a society. Each has a Society Dean who serves as an academic and career adviser to the students.[20] The societies are:[20]

Every year, the six societies compete in "ISC Picnic" for the infamous Society Cup in a series of events (e.g. soccer, flag football, relay races etc.).

Doc Opera

Every year, students at Case Western Reserve SOM write, direct and perform a full-length musical parody, lampooning Case Western Reserve, their professors, and themselves. It is a longstanding tradition that began in the 1980's and in recent years, the show has been a benefit for the Student Run Health Clinic.[21]

Role in Cleveland and Ohio

Файл:Edgewater Park Sunrise (47637567572).jpg
CaseMed is located 15 minutes from downtown Cleveland.

During 2007, the economic impact of the School of Medicine and its affiliates on the State of Ohio equaled $5.82 billion and accounted for more than 65,000 Ohio jobs.[22] The role of Case Western Reserve University in the Cleveland economy has been reported on by The Economist magazine.[23]

In popular culture

Notable alumni and faculty

1800s

†Six of the first seven women in the United States to receive medical degrees from recognized allopathic medical schools graduated from Western Reserve University (as it was called then) between 1850 and 1856.

1900s

2000s

  • Li Tao (2014 MD alumnus), creator of Microbe Invader

Nobel laureates

Файл:Jay MacLeod at Case1.jpg
John Macleod, 1923 Nobel Prize winner for discovering insulin and Western Reserve University Professor of Physiology, teaching class.

Alumni

Файл:Ferid Murad.jpg
Ferid Murad, 1998 Nobel Laureate and CaseMed MD-PhD alumnus.
Файл:Bush6NobelLaureates.jpg
Case alumni who received 2003 Nobel Prizes - Paul C. Lauterbur and Peter Agre (1st and 2nd from right) with President George Walker Bush

Faculty

Public health

Other

  • 1912 - Professor Roger Perkins pioneered the process of chlorinating drinking water.[54]
  • 1915 - Henry Gerstenberger (alumnus and pediatrics professor) first simulated milk formula for infants.
  • 1927 - Immunologist Enrique Ecker discovered the cause of ptomaine food poisoning and development of an antiserum.
  • 1935 - Claude Beck (Surgery residency alumnus; 1924-1971 Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery - first such position in US)[55] -
    • Performed first surgical treatment of coronary artery disease (1935)[56]
    • Performed first defibrillation using machine he built with James Rand (1947)[57]
    • Developed concept of Beck's Triad
    • Started the first CPR teaching course for medical professionals (1950).
  • 1950s - Professor Frederick Cross developed first heart-lung machine for use in open heart surgeries.
  • 1961 - Professor Austin Weisburger performed first successful genetic alteration of human cells in a test tube.
  • 1969 - William Insull, MD describes the role of cholesterol in blood vessel disease.
  • 1975 - Discovery that human renin, an enzyme produced by the kidney, is involved in hypertension
  • 1990 - National team led by rheumatologist Roland Moskowitz discovers gene for osteoarthritis.
  • 1991 - James A. Schulak, MD, and colleagues perform first triple organ transplant in Ohio-a kidney, liver and pancreas.
  • 1997 - Team led by Professor Huntington Willard (Chair of Genetics) create world's first artificial human chromosome.
  • M. Scott Peck (1963 MD alumnus) - psychiatrist and author of The Road Less Traveled
  • 2004 - Craig Smith (1977 MD alumnus) leads the cardiac surgery team which performs President Bill Clinton's coronary artery bypass surgery.[58]
  • Richard Walsh, MD (Chair of Medicine, Case Medical Center) - Current editor of Hurst's The Heart Manual of Cardiology.[59]
  • Peter Tippett (1983 MD-PhD alumnus) - Inventor of early anti-virus software.[60][61]
  • Alfredo Palacio (Internal Medicine alumnus) - President of Ecuador (2005–2007).
  • David Jenkins- won the men's gold medal for figure skating during the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley, California[62]
  • Renee Salasemergency medicine physician known for her work on climate change
  • Peter Pronovost - intensive care physician known for his work on patient safety

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Coord Шаблон:Case Western Reserve University Шаблон:Cleveland Clinic Шаблон:Authority control

  1. Шаблон:Cite web
  2. Шаблон:Cite web
  3. 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. Шаблон:Cite web
  5. Шаблон:Cite web
  6. Шаблон:Cite web
  7. Шаблон:Cite book
  8. Шаблон:Cite book
  9. Шаблон:Cite news
  10. Шаблон:Cite news
  11. Шаблон:Cite news
  12. Шаблон:Cite news
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. Шаблон:Cite news
  15. Шаблон:Cite news
  16. Шаблон:Cite news
  17. Шаблон:Cite web
  18. Шаблон:Cite web
  19. Шаблон:Cite web
  20. 20,0 20,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  21. Шаблон:Cite web
  22. Шаблон:Cite web
  23. Шаблон:Cite news
  24. Шаблон:Cite web
  25. Шаблон:Cite web
  26. Шаблон:Cite web
  27. Шаблон:Cite web
  28. Шаблон:Cite web
  29. Шаблон:Cite web
  30. Шаблон:Cite web
  31. Шаблон:Cite web
  32. Шаблон:Cite web
  33. Шаблон:Cite web
  34. Шаблон:Cite web
  35. Шаблон:Cite web
  36. Шаблон:Cite journal
  37. Шаблон:Cite web
  38. Шаблон:Cite web
  39. Шаблон:Cite web
  40. Шаблон:Cite web
  41. Шаблон:Cite web
  42. 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  43. Шаблон:Cite web
  44. Шаблон:Cite web
  45. Шаблон:Cite web
  46. Шаблон:Cite web
  47. Шаблон:Cite web
  48. Шаблон:Cite web
  49. Шаблон:Cite web
  50. Шаблон:Cite web
  51. Шаблон:Cite web
  52. Шаблон:Cite web
  53. Шаблон:Cite web
  54. Шаблон:Cite web
  55. Шаблон:Cite web
  56. Case faculty Claude Beck - Шаблон:Cite web
  57. Case faculty Claude Beck's first defibrillation article - "Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock", JAMA, 1947
  58. Шаблон:Cite news
  59. Шаблон:Cite web
  60. Шаблон:Cite web
  61. Case alum Peter Tippett developed Norton AntiVirus - http://ciso.issa.org/about/peter-tippett.php
  62. "News About Skaters", Skating magazine, November 1960