Английская Википедия:Casino faction

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Файл:Paulskirche Casinofraktion.jpg
"Club de Casino," lithograph by Friedrich Pecht, 1849.

The Casino faction (in German Casino-Fraktion or simply Casino) was a moderate liberal faction within the Frankfurt Parliament formed on June 25, 1848. Like most of the factions in the parliament, its name was a reference to the usual meeting place of its members in Frankfurt am Main. Casino was the largest and most influential faction at Paulskirche. Its members were for the most part national liberals.

Casino was a faction of moderate left-wingers or liberals,[1][2] or right-centrists.[3] Its members were overwhelmingly drawn from the intelligentsia of Prussia and the rest of Northern Germany,[4] and the group's political positions were closer to those of the right wing in the Prussian assembly than to the center-right there, whose positions corresponded to those of center-left factions at Frankfurt.[5]

With approximately 130 members, it was the largest faction.[2] Members of the group and their publications had played major roles in preparing for and organizing the meeting of the parliament,[6] for example in publicity in the Deutsche Zeitung, a liberal newspaper that came to be the organ of the faction,[7][8] and participation in the Heppenheim Meeting, the Heidelberg Assembly, and the Vorparlament, the preliminary assembly that met in the Paulskirche from March 31 to April 3, 1848. They also had a decisive influence on the work of the parliament, especially the Frankfurt Constitution that it produced. The majority of the Casino members joined with the Westendhall faction to form the coalition of Erbkaiserliche (hereditary imperialists) that met in the concert hall of the Gasthof zum Weidenbusch and pushed through the specification of constitutional monarchy as the preferred political form of the sought-after national state.[9][10] Casino also influenced the eventual adoption of a more restricted franchise than advocated by the republican groups.[11][12] Members included a large number of prominent politicians: Heinrich von Gagern and Eduard von Simson, both of whom served as President of the assembly, Friedrich Daniel Bassermann, chairman of the committee that wrote the constitution, and other liberals and right-wing liberals such as Hans Adolf Erdmann von Auerswald, Hermann von Beckerath, Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann, Johann Gustav Droysen, Georg Gottfried Gervinus, Friedrich von Raumer, August Hergenhahn, Felix Lichnowsky, Karl Mathy, Gustav von Mevissen, Alexander von Soiron, Georg Waitz, and Carl Theodor Welcker.

In September 1848, the Landsberg faction split off from Casino;[13] its members advocated a more prominent role for the national assembly.[14] Following the resignation of the Austrian deputy Anton von Schmerling on December 21, 1848, the Casino members who preferred a "Greater Germany" including Austria likewise split off under the leadership of Karl Jürgens and formed the more conservative Pariser Hof.[15][16][17]

Jacob Grimm was nominally a member of the Casino faction, but after the September 5, 1848, vote spearheaded by Dahlmann rescinding the Malmö ceasefire between Prussia and Denmark, took a leave of absence and then resigned as a deputy.[18]

Unlike most of the factions, the Casino's meeting place was not an inn or cafe, but a self-improvement and networking club.[19]

References

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  1. ↑ Robert von Mohl, Lebenserinnerungen, Volume 2, Stuttgart/Leipzig: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1902, Шаблон:OCLC Шаблон:In lang, p. 66.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Martin Kitchen, A History of Modern Germany: 1800 to the Present, 2nd ed. Chichester, West Sussex/Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN.
  3. ↑ Frank Eyck, The Frankfurt Parliament 1848–1849, London: Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's, 1968, Шаблон:OCLC, pp. 223, 296.
  4. ↑ Barbara Vogel, "Beamtenkonservatismus. Sozial- und verfassungsgeschichtliche Voraussetzungen der Parteien in Preußen im frühen 19. Jahrhundert," in Deutscher Konservatismus im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert: Festschrift für Fritz Fischer zum 75. Geburtstag und zum 50. Doktorjubiläum, ed. Dirk Stegmann, Bernd-Jürgen Wendt, and Peter-Christian Witt, Bonn: Neue Gesellschaft, 1983, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 1–32, p. 30 Шаблон:In lang
  5. ↑ Frank Engehausen, Die Revolution von 1848/49, Seminarbuch Geschichte, Paderborn: Schöningh, 2007, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 129 Шаблон:In lang
  6. ↑ Engehausen, p. 86.
  7. ↑ Ulrike Ruttmann, Wunschbild - Schreckbild - Trugbild: Rezeption und Instrumentalisierung Frankreichs in der Deutschen Revolution von 1848/49, Frankfurter historische Abhandlungen 42, Stuttgart: Steiner, 2001, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 31 Шаблон:In lang
  8. ↑ Engehausen, p. 189 Шаблон:In lang
  9. ↑ Die Deutschen und die Revolution: 17 Vorträge, ed. Michael Salewski, Ranke-Gesellschaft, Göttingen: Muster-Schmidt, 1984, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 216 Шаблон:In lang
  10. ↑ Johann W. J. Braun, Deutschland und die deutsche Nationalversammlung, Aachen, 1849, Шаблон:OCLC, p. 49 Шаблон:In lang
  11. ↑ Dieter Hein, Die Revolution von 1848/49, Munich: Beck, 1998, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 134 Шаблон:In lang
  12. ↑ Peter Behrendt, "Jugendliche als Gefahr oder Triebkraft des Politischen? Zum Streit um den politischen Status von Jugend in der Frankfurter und Weimarer Nationalversammlung," in Inklusion und Partizipation: politische Kommunikation im historischen Wandel, ed. Christoph Gusy and Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Historische Politikforschung 2, Frankfurt: Campus, 2005, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 79–104, p. 83, note 14 Шаблон:In lang
  13. ↑ Eyck, p. 296.
  14. ↑ History of the German People from the First Authentic Annals to the Present Time volume 13 Modern Germany: Struggle for reform and unity, 1848–1870, ed. Charles F. Horne and Augustus R. Keller, New York: International Historical Society, 1916, Шаблон:OCLC, p. 68.
  15. ↑ Christian Friedrich Wurm, Die Diplomatie, das Parlament und der deutsche Bundesstaat 1. December 1848–März 1849 volume 1, Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1849, Шаблон:OCLC, p. 25 Шаблон:In lang
  16. ↑ Helmut Kramer, Fraktionsbindungen in den deutschen Volksvertretungen 1819–1849, Schriften zur Verfassungsgeschichte 7, Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1968, Шаблон:OCLC, p. 139 Шаблон:In lang
  17. ↑ Die Württemberger und die deutsche Nationalversammlung 1848/49, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien 57, Düsseldorf: Droste, 1975, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 248 Шаблон:In lang
  18. ↑ Wilfried Nippel, "Droysen als Politiker," in Alte Geschichte zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik: Gedenkschrift Karl Christ, ed. Volker Losemann with Kerstin Droß and Sarah Velte, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 65–84, p. 72, note 29 Шаблон:In lang
  19. ↑ Robert Beachy and Ralph Roth, Who Ran the Cities?: City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750–1940, Historical urban studies series, Aldershot, Hampshire/Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate, 2007, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 150, 151.
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