Английская Википедия:Catalan Atlas
The Catalan Atlas (Шаблон:Lang-ca, Шаблон:IPA) is a medieval world map, or mappa mundi, probably created in the late 1370s or the early 1380s (often conventionally dated 1375),[1][2] that has been described as the most important map of the Middle Ages in the Catalan language,[3][4] and as "the zenith of medieval map-work".[4]
It was produced by the Majorcan cartographic school, possibly by Cresques Abraham, a Jewish book illuminator who was described by a contemporary as a master of mappae mundi as well as of compasses.[5] It was in the royal library of France by 1380, during the reign of King Charles V, and is still preserved in the Шаблон:Lang. The Catalan Atlas originally consisted of six vellum leaves (each circa Шаблон:Cvt) folded vertically, painted in various colours including gold and silver.[6] They were later mounted on the front and back of five wooden panels, with the ends enclosed in a leather binding by Simon Vostre Шаблон:Circa, restored most recently in 1991. Wear has split each leaf into two.[6]
Description
Шаблон:Location map+ The first two leaves contain texts in Catalan covering cosmography, astronomy, and astrology. These texts are accompanied by illustrations. The texts and illustration emphasise the Earth's spherical shape and the state of the known world. They also provide information to sailors on tides and how to tell time at night.[7]
The four remaining leaves make up the actual map, with Jerusalem located close to the centre; two depict the Orient; the remaining two show Europe, along with North and West Africa. The map is around Шаблон:Cvt in size. It shows illustrations of many cities—Christian cities with a cross, other cities with a dome—and with each city's political allegiance indicated by a flag. Wavy blue vertical lines are used to symbolise oceans. Place names of important ports are transcribed in red, while others are indicated in black. The illustrations and most of the text are oriented towards the edges of the map, suggesting it was intended to be used by laying it flat and walking around it.[8]
The oriental portion of the Catalan Atlas illustrates numerous religious references as well as a synthesis of medieval mappae mundi and the travel literature of the time, especially Marco Polo's Book of Marvels and Mandeville's Travels and Voyage of Sir John Mandeville. Many Indian and Chinese cities can be identified.[9] The explanatory texts report customs described by Polo and catalogue local economic resources, real or supposed.Шаблон:Citation needed
The Western portion is similar to contemporary portolan charts, but contains the first compass rose known to have been used on such a chart.[4]
Mali Empire
The Mali Empire and its riches are shown under the rule of Mansa Musa. The caption reads:
India
The western part of the Indian subcontinent is clearly depicted, and several of the location names are accurate.[10][11] To the north appears the Sultan of Delhi (Rey de delli), the ruler of the contemporary Delhi Sultanate, with his flag on numerous cities (Файл:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png). The caption reads: Шаблон:Blockquote
In the center of India appears the traditional Yadava capital of Diogil ("Deogiri", or Devagiri Файл:Diogil (Deogil. Dwaigir. Daulatabad) in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg). On top of the city of Diogil floats a peculiar flag (Файл:Flag of Diogil, Catalan Atlas 1375.png), while coastal cities are under the black flag of the Delhi Sultanate (Файл:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png).[12][13] Devagiri was ultimately captured by Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate in 1307.[14] The trading ship raises the flag of the Ilkhanate (Файл:Flag of the Ilkhanate.svg). Its caption reads:
To the south, at the tip of India, appears the "King of Colombo" with a Christian flag (Файл:Flag of the Kigdom of Colombo, Catalan Atlas 1375.png). He was identified as Christian due to the early Saint Thomas Christianity there (since at least the 8th century), and the Catholic mission there under Jordan Catala since 1329.[15] His caption reads:
Шаблон:Blockquote Jordan, Christian missionary to Colombo from 1329, who wrote "Book of Marvels" (Mirabilia descripta, 1340), was probably the source of the information about Colombo in the Catalan Atlas.[16] He mentions the earlier presence of the Saint Thomas Christians in India.[17]
Il-Khanate
The Mongol Il-Khanate ruler and his dominions are depicted in the area of Persia under the title "Rey del tauris", after his capital city of Tabriz. The Ilkhanate flag also appears: Файл:Flag of the Ilkhanate.svg.[19][11]
The caption is only related to the city of Babylon: Шаблон:Blockquote
Over him appears a city within a sphere, with the following caption, mentioning the Persian city of Shiraz and Ptolemy:
Two ships with flags of the Ilkhanate appears on the India Ocean, sailing to and from the Indian coast, where appear flags of the Delhi Sultanate. The label attached to one of the ships reads: Шаблон:Blockquote
Golden Horde
The Mongol polity of the Golden Horde is accurately depicted north of the Caspian sea. The ruler named Jani Beg has been identified in this representation, being mentioned as "Jambech senyor de Sarra", and the flag of the Golden Horde also appears (Файл:Flag of the Golden Horde in the Catalan Atlas (published in1375).png).[21] The caption to the right reads:
The symbolism of the Golden Horde flag depicted by the Catalan Atlas (Файл:Golden Horde flag 1339.svg) is fairly similar to the type of tamgha symbols (such as Файл:Tamga Mengu-Timur.svg) actually found on the coinage of the Golden Horde.[22][23] Such symbols were used until the time of Jani Beg, but essentially disappear thereafter.[24]
The text to the left reads: Шаблон:Blockquote
Anatolia
The Anatolian Beyliks, a group of Turkic principalities in Anatolia are also depicted, in the region labelled Turqhia (Turkey). The caption next to the seated ruler in Anatolia reads: Asia Minor also called Turkey, where there are many cities and castles.[25][26] Numerous Turkic principalities appear, with a variety of flags, but very little prominence is given to the Orthodox princes of the Byzantine Empire, although several Byzantine cities appear with the Byzantine imperial flag (Файл:Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century, square.svg), or Trebizond (Файл:Trebizond (Catalan Atlas, 1375).png).[26] The Christian kingdom of Cilician Armenia appears heavily fortified within green walls, with its ports and flags (Файл:Drapeau héthoumide.png, Файл:Armenian Cilicia with crosses (Catalan Atlas, 1375).png) clearly visible.[27][28]
Gog and Magog
The land of "Gog i Magog" (Gog and Magog) appear in the top right corner. Its king is mounted on a horse, followed by a procession. Next to it appears Alexander's Gate, showing Alexander, the Antichrist, and mechanical trumpeters.
Chagatai Khanate
The Khan Kebek, Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate is depicted with the following caption:
His cities appear with the Chagatai flag (Файл:Flag of the Chagatai Khanate.svg).[29]
Cathay (China)
The cities of Cathay, at that time the Empire of the Great Khan (Yuan China), are shown raising a flag with three red crescent moons (Файл:Catalan Atlas, Flag of Cathay (Chinese Empire).png). The flag is seen all over eastern Asian cities in the Catalan Atlas.[30]
Kubilai Khan appears enthroned and wearing a green coat, with the following caption:
Antichrist
The Antichrist appears beyond the Great Wall of China, next to the territory of Gog and Magog. The label reads:
In the top corner is Alexander the Great ("Allexandri") fighting the devil.
Beyond is the ocean ("Mare Oceanis"), without mention of Japan.
Gallery
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Modern copy of western half
-
A modern reproduction of the Catalan Atlas depicting the eastern Mediterranean region.
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Reproduction of the first leaf
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Reproduction of the second leaf
See also
References
Further reading
External links
- Bibliothèque nationale de France – L'Atlas Catalan Шаблон:In lang
- Complete transcription of the Catalan language text, and translation to French (1839): Шаблон:Cite book
- The Catalan Atlas Шаблон:In lang [via Internet Archive]
- cresquesproject.net – translation of the works of Riera i Sans and Gabriel Llompart on the Jewish Majorcan Map-makers of the Late Middle Ages Шаблон:In lang
- Abraham Cresques ? Atlas de cartes marines, dit [Atlas catalan], gallica.bnf.fr
Шаблон:Cartography topicsШаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокThe Jewish Contribution To Civilizationне указан текст - ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокThe late medieval age of crisis and renewal, 1300-1500не указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокTo the Ends of the Earth: 100 Maps that Change the Worldне указан текст - ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Файл:Golden Horde. Möngke (Mengu) Timur. AH 665-679 AD 1267-1280 Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275).jpgCoinage of Mengu-Timur. Bulghar mint. Dated AH 672 or 3 (AD 1273-1275)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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