Английская Википедия:Catharanthus roseus

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Speciesbox

White flower with yellow center

Catharanthus roseus, commonly known as bright eyes, Cape periwinkle, graveyard plant, Madagascar periwinkle, old maid, pink periwinkle, rose periwinkle,[1] is a perennial species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae. It is native and endemic to Madagascar, but is grown elsewhere as an ornamental and medicinal plant, and now has a pantropical distribution. It is a source of the drugs vincristine and vinblastine, used to treat cancer.[2] It was formerly included in the genus Vinca as Vinca rosea.

It has many vernacular names among which are arivotaombelona or rivotambelona, tonga, tongatse or trongatse, tsimatiririnina, and vonenina.[3]

Taxonomy

Two varieties are recognized

  • Catharanthus roseus var. roseus
Synonymy for this variety
Catharanthus roseus var. angustus Steenis ex Bakhuizen f.[4]
Catharanthus roseus var. albus G.Don[5]
Catharanthus roseus var. occellatus G.Don[5]
Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[6]
Lochnera rosea f. alba (G.Don) Woodson[7]
Lochnera rosea var. ocellata (G.Don) Woodson
  • Catharanthus roseus var. angustus (Steenis) Bakh. f.[8]
Synonymy for this variety
Catharanthus roseus var. nanus Markgr.[9]
Lochnera rosea var. angusta Steenis[10]

Description

Close-up view of flower in morning
In morning

Catharanthus roseus is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing Шаблон:Convert tall. The leaves are oval to oblong, Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide, glossy green, hairless, with a pale midrib and a short petiole Шаблон:Convert long; they are arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers range from white with a yellow or red center to dark pink with a darker red center, with a basal tube Шаблон:Convert long and a corolla Шаблон:Convert diameter with five petal-like lobes. The fruit is a pair of follicles Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert wide.[11][12][13][14]

Ecology

In its natural range along the dry coasts of southern Madagascar, Catharanthus roseus is considered weedy and invasive, often self-seeding prolifically in disturbed areas along roadsides and in fallow fields. [15][16] It is also, however, widely cultivated and is naturalized in subtropical and tropical areas of the world such as Australia, Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, and the United States.[11] It is so well adapted to growth in Australia that it is listed as a noxious weed in Western Australia and the Australian Capital Territory,[17] and also in parts of eastern Queensland.[18]

Файл:Catharanthus roseus 105.jpg
Pale Pink with Red Centre Cultivar

Cultivation

As an ornamental plant, it is appreciated for its hardiness in dry and nutritionally deficient conditions, popular in subtropical gardens where temperatures never fall below Шаблон:Convert, and as a warm-season bedding plant in temperate gardens. It is noted for its long flowering period, throughout the year in tropical conditions, and from spring to late autumn, in warm temperate climates. Full sun and well-drained soil are preferred. Numerous cultivars have been selected, for variation in flower colour (white, mauve, peach, scarlet, and reddish-orange), and also for tolerance of cooler growing conditions in temperate regions.

Notable cultivars include 'Albus' (white flowers), 'Grape Cooler' (rose-pink; cool-tolerant), the Ocellatus Group (various colours), and 'Peppermint Cooler' (white with a red centre; cool-tolerant).[11]

In the U.S. it often remains identified as "Vinca" although botanists have shifted its identification and it often can be seen growing along roadsides in the south.

In the United Kingdom it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[19] (confirmed 2017).[20]

Uses

Traditional

The species has long been cultivated for herbal medicine, as it can be traced back to 2600 BC Mesopotamia.[21] In Ayurveda (Indian traditional medicine) the extracts of its roots and shoots, although poisonous, are used against several diseases. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from it have been used against numerous diseases, including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma.[12] In the 1950s, vinca alkaloids, including vinblastine and vincristine, were isolated from Catharanthus roseus while screening for anti-diabetic drugs.[22] This chance discovery led to increased research into the chemotherapeutic effects of vinblastine and vincristine. Conflict between historical indigenous use, and patent from 2001 on C. roseus-derived drugs by western pharmaceutical companies, without compensation, has led to accusations of biopiracy.[23]

Medicinal

Vinblastine and vincristine, chemotherapy medications used to treat several types of cancers, are found in the plant[24][25][26][27] and are biosynthesised from the coupling of the alkaloids catharanthine and vindoline.[28] The newer semi-synthetic chemotherapeutic agent vinorelbine, used in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer,[26][29] can be prepared either from vindoline and catharanthine[26][30] or from the vinca alkaloid leurosine,[31] in both cases via anhydrovinblastine.[30] The insulin-stimulating vincoline has been isolated from the plant.[32][33]

Файл:A Catharanthus Roseus bush in Hyderabad, Pakistan.jpg
A periwinkle shrub
Dark pink colour

Research

Despite the medical importance and wide use, the desired alkaloids (vinblastine and vincristine) are naturally produced at very low yields. Additionally, it is complex and costly to synthesize the desired products in a lab, resulting in difficulty satisfying the demand and a need for overproduction.[34] Treatment of the plant with phytohormones, such as salicylic acid[35] and methyl jasmonate,[36][37] have been shown to trigger defense mechanisms and overproduce downstream alkaloids. Studies using this technique vary in growth conditions, choice of phytohormone, and location of treatment. Concurrently, there are various efforts to map the biosynthetic pathway producing the alkaloids to find a direct path to overproduction via genetic engineering.[38][39]

C. roseus is used in plant pathology as an experimental host for phytoplasmas.[40] This is because it is easy to infect with a large majority of phytoplasmas, and also often has very distinctive symptoms such as phyllody and significantly reduced leaf size.[41]

In 1995 and 2006 Malagasy agronomists and American political ecologists studied the production of Catharanthus roseus around Fort Dauphin and Ambovombe and its export as a natural source of the alkaloids used to make vincristine, vinblastine and other vinca alkaloid cancer drugs. Their research focused on the wild collection of periwinkle roots and leaves from roadsides and fields and its industrial cultivation on large farms.[42][43][44]

Biology

Rosinidin is the pink anthocyanidin pigment found in the flowers of C. roseus.[45] Lochnericine is a major alkaloid in roots.[46]

Toxicity

C. roseus can be extremely toxic if consumed orally by humans, and is cited (under its synonym Vinca rosea) in the Louisiana State Act 159. All parts of the plant are poisonous. On consumption, symptoms consist of mild stomach cramps, cardiac complications, hypotension, systematic paralysis eventually leading to death.[47]

According to French botanist Pierre Boiteau, its poisonous properties are made known along generations of Malagasy people as a poison consumed in ordeal trials, even before the tangena fruit was used. This lent the flower one of its names vonenina, from Шаблон:Lang-mg meaning "flower of remorse".[48]

Gallery

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:GRIN
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
  4. ↑ Steenis ex Bakhuizen f., Blumea 6: 384. 1950.
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4(1): 95. 1837.
  6. ↑ Markgr., Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
  7. ↑ Woodson, N. Amer. Fl. 29: 124. 1938.
  8. ↑ Bakh. f.Blumea 6 (2): 384. 1950.
  9. ↑ Markgr. Adansonia, ser. 2. 12: 222. 1972.
  10. ↑ Steenis Trop. Nat. 25: 18. 1936.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan Шаблон:ISBN.
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 Flora of China: Catharanthus roseus
  13. ↑ College of Micronesia: Catharanthus roseus
  14. ↑ Jepson Flora: Catharanthus roseus
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Dead link
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite dictionary
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