Английская Википедия:Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site The Caves and Ice Age Art in the Swabian Jura are a collection of six caves in southern Germany which were used by Ice Age humans for shelter about 33,000 to 43,000 years ago. Within the caves were found the oldest non-stationary works of human art yet discovered, in the form of carved animal and humanoid figurines, in addition to the oldest musical instruments ever found. One statuette of a female form, carved figurines of animals (including cave lions, mammoths, horses and cattle), musical instruments and items of personal adornment have been discovered. Some of the figurines depict creatures that are half animal, half human. Because of their testimony to the development of Paleolithic art and culture, the six caves were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2017.

The caves are seen as the first centre of human art, were named "craddle of art" and "craddle of civilization", with a continuous cultural heritage over 6000 years, and are among the first settlements of modern humans in Europe.

Bone flute from the Geissenklösterle cave, dated around Шаблон:Circa BP, are the oldest musical instruments ever found. The 41,000 to 39,000-year-old Lion Man and the 42,000 to 41,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels are the oldest confirmed sculptures in the world.

Location

The World Heritage comprises six caves which are distributed across two valleys in the Swabian Jura: Lone (river) Valley and Ach Valley. The former includes the caves Hohlenstein-Stadel, Vogelherd and Bocksteinhöhle; the latter Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels and Sirgenstein Cave. Each valley would contain a core area of around Шаблон:Convert length, surrounded by a buffer zone of a least Шаблон:Convert width.

Geology and History

The bedrock of the caves began to form roughly 200 million years ago, at the beginning of the Jurassic Period, when the super-continent Pangaea began to break apart. The area was inundated by the Neotethys Sea, and limestone formed from the marine sediments. During the early Cenozoic, the area was uplifted by the collision of the Eurasian plate and the African and Adriatic plates. Once this occurred, the sinkholes and caves of the region were formed as rain seeped into the limestone. When the Lone and Ach valleys formed, access to the caves from the surface became possible, and the caves gradually dried out and filled in with sediment, preserving materials brought into the cave by humans.

The caves of the Swabian Jura are particularly famous for their high density of artifacts from the Aurignacian tradition, ranging from roughly 43,000 to 26,000 years ago. The Aurignacian tradition is characterized by the advent of symbolic communication (in the form of beads and pendants), specialized flint blades, and figurative art, all of which have been found in high numbers within these six caves. During this time, early modern humans migrated into Europe, probably from the southeast along the Danube River, and settled in the easily accessible caves in the area. There, they likely lived and worked in and around these caves. The caves also served as the repositories of the figurines which may have been used in a religious context. In addition, they were the venue where performers used the excavated musical instruments and where the social groups lived from which the artists sprang.

Caves

Picture of the cave	Name	Location	Description	Discoveries	Picture of an important discovery
Bocksteinhöhle additional pictures	Bocksteinhöhle	Lone Valley (Шаблон:Coord)	Reaches Шаблон:Convert deep and Шаблон:Convert wide	Large Hand axe (known as the Bocksteinmesser)	Bocksteinmesser
Geißenklösterle additional pictures	Geißenklösterle	Ach Valley (Шаблон:Coord)		Orans (hands upraised posture) half-animal/half-human figure in ivory	Orans figure additional pictures
Hohler Fels additional pictures	Hohle Fels	Ach Valley (Шаблон:Coord)	Entry corridor leads into large cavern measuring Шаблон:Convert in surface area, with a height of Шаблон:Convert.	Hohlefels Venus of mammoth ivory, flute from a Griffon vulture bone.	Venusfigur additional pictures
Hohlenstein-Stadel additional pictures	Hohlenstein-Stadel	Lone Valley (Шаблон:Coord)	Шаблон:Convert long, narrow cave. Entrance Шаблон:Convert wide by high.	Lion-man figure carved from mammoth ivory	Löwenmensch additional pictures
Sirgensteinhöhle additional pictures	Sirgensteinhöhle	Ach Valley (Шаблон:Coord)	Total length of the cave Шаблон:Convert with a maximum height of Шаблон:Convert; in the rear the cavity is lit by natural openings in the ceiling.	Approx. 5000 flint points, awls and smoothing stones	projectile point additional pictures
Vogelherdhöhle additional pictures	Vogelherd Cave	Lone Valley (Шаблон:Coord)	Originally had 3 entrances, connect to one another by a corridor Шаблон:Convert long and up to Шаблон:Convert wide	Animal figure of mammoth ivory, venus figurine from a wild boar's tusk	Wildpferd additional pictures