Английская Википедия:Ceanothus

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Ceanothus is a genus of about 50–60 species of nitrogen-fixing shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae).[1][2][3][4] Common names for members of this genus are buckbrush, California lilac, soap bush, or just ceanothus.[5][6][7] "Ceanothus" comes from Шаблон:Lang-grc (keanōthos), which was applied by Theophrastus (371–287 BC) to an Old World plant believed to be Cirsium arvense.[8][9]

The genus is native to North America with the highest diversity on the western coast.[3][10] Some species (e.g., C. americanus) are restricted to the eastern United States and southeast Canada, and others (e.g., C. caeruleus) extend as far south as Guatemala. Most are shrubs Шаблон:Convert tall, but C. arboreus and C. thyrsiflorus, both native to California, can be small multi-trunked trees up to Шаблон:Convert tall.

Taxonomy and etymology

There are two subgenera within this genus: Ceanothus and Cerastes. The former clade is less drought-resistant, having bigger leaves. The evolution of these two clades likely started with a divergence in the niches filled in local communities, rather than a divergence on the basis of geography.[11]

The Californian species of Ceanothus are commonly known collectively as California lilacs, with individual species having more descriptive common names. Species native elsewhere have other common names such as New Jersey tea for C. americanus, as its leaves were used as a black tea substitute during the American Revolution.[1][12] In garden use, most are simply called by their scientific names or an adaptation of the scientific name, such as 'Maritime ceanothus' for C. maritimus.

Species

Файл:Ceanothus cuneatus1.jpg
Flowers of Ceanothus cuneatus (buck brush) in Pinnacles National Park

Шаблон:As of, accepted species are:[3][13]

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:[13] Шаблон:Div col

  • Ceanothus atropurpureus Raf.
  • Ceanothus chloroxylon Nees
  • Ceanothus collinus Douglas ex Knowles & Westc.
  • Ceanothus cuneatus A.Gray
  • Ceanothus cuneatus K.Brandegee
  • Ceanothus divergens Poepp. ex Endl.
  • Ceanothus elongatus Salisb.
  • Ceanothus glaber Spach
  • Ceanothus laevigatus Howell
  • Ceanothus lancifolius Moench
  • Ceanothus leschenaultii DC.
  • Ceanothus mocinianus DC.
  • Ceanothus mystacinus DC.
  • Ceanothus neumannii Tausch
  • Ceanothus oblanceolatus Davidson
  • Ceanothus pauciflorus Moc. & Sessé ex DC.
  • Ceanothus pubiflorus DC.
  • Ceanothus pulchellus Delile ex Spach
  • Ceanothus scandens D.Dietr.
  • Ceanothus spathulatus Labill.
  • Ceanothus spinosus Torr. & A. Gray
  • Ceanothus triqueter Wall.

Шаблон:Div col end

Hybrids

The following hybrids have been described:[13] Шаблон:Div col

  • Ceanothus × arcuatus McMinn
  • Ceanothus × bakeri Greene ex McMinn
  • Ceanothus × flexilis McMinn
  • Ceanothus × lobbianus Hook.
  • Ceanothus × lorenzenii (Jeps.) McMinn
  • Ceanothus × mendocinensis McMinn
  • Ceanothus × otayensis McMinn
  • Ceanothus × rugosus Greene
  • Ceanothus × serrulatus McMinn
  • Ceanothus × vanrensselaeri Roof
  • Ceanothus × veitchianus Hook.

Шаблон:Div col end

Hybrid names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following hybrids is unresolved:[13] Шаблон:Div col

  • Ceanothus × arnoldii Dippel
  • Ceanothus × burkwoodii auct.
  • Ceanothus × burtonensis Renss.
  • Ceanothus × cyam L.W.Lenz
  • Ceanothus × delilianus Spach
  • Ceanothus × humboldtensis Roof
  • Ceanothus × intermedius Koehne
  • Ceanothus × pallidus Koehne
  • Ceanothus × pallidus Lindl.
  • Ceanothus × roseus Koehne

Шаблон:Div col end

Description

Файл:Ceanothus arboreus 2.jpg
Ceanothus arboreus, illustrating the three basal leaf veins characteristic of this genus

Growth pattern

The majority Шаблон:Citation needed of the species are evergreen, but the handful of species adapted to cold winters are deciduous. The leaves are opposite or alternate (depending on species), small (typically 1–5 cm long), simple, and mostly with serrated margins.

Leaves and stems

Ceanothus leaves may be arranged opposite to each other on the stem, or alternate. Alternate leaves may have either one or three main veins rising from the base of the leaf.[15]

The leaves have a shiny upper surface that feels "gummy" when pinched between the thumb and forefinger, and the roots of most species have red inner root bark.[16]

Flowers and fruit

Файл:Ceanothus fendleri flower1.jpg
Ceanothus fendleri blossom

The flowers are white, greenish–white, blue, dark purple-blue, pale purple or pink, maturing into a dry, three-lobed seed capsule.

The flowers are tiny and fragrant and produced in large, dense clusters. A few species are reported to be so intensely fragrant they are almost nauseating, and are said to resemble the odor of "boiling honey in an enclosed area".Шаблон:Citation needed The seeds of this plant can lie dormant for hundreds of years,Шаблон:Citation needed and Ceanothus species are typically dependent on forest fires to trigger germination of their seeds.[16]

Fruits are hard, nutlike capsules.[7]

Distribution

Файл:Ceanothus.jpg
Ceanothus americanus (fruit left, flowers right)

Plants in this genus are widely distributed and can be found on dry, sunny hillsides from coastal scrub lands to open forest clearings, from near sea level to Шаблон:Convert in elevation. These plants are profusely distributed throughout the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia south through Colorado, the Cascades of Oregon and California, and the Coastal Ranges of California.

Ceanothus velutinus is perhaps the most widespread member of this genus, occurring through much of western North America.[16] The plants in this genus often co-occur with one another, especially when they are more distantly related.[11]

Uses

Файл:Ceanothus integerrimus 01.jpg
Ceanothus integerrimus (deerbrush) in Yosemite National Park

Wildlife

Ceanothus is a good source of nutrition for deer, specifically mule deer along the West Coast of the United States. However, the leaves are not as nutritious from late spring to early fall as they are in early spring. Porcupines and quail have also been seen eating stems and seeds of these shrubs. The leaves are a good source of protein and the stems and leaves have been found to contain a high amount of calcium.

Cultivation

Many Ceanothus species are popular ornamental plants for gardens. Dozens of hybrids and cultivars have been selected, such as flexible ceanothus, Ceanothus × flexilis (C. cuneatus × C. prostratus).Шаблон:Citation needed

Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit cultivars

The following cultivars and hybrids have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (Шаблон:As of):[17] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Other cultivars available include:-

  • 'Anchor Bay' [32]
  • 'Diamond Heights' (variegated leaves)[33]

There are also more cultivars and hybrids of Ceanothus arboreus, Ceanothus griseus horizontalis (groundcovers), and Ceanothus thyrsiflorus in the nursery trade.

Propagation

Propagation of ceanothus is by seed, following scarification and stratification. Seeds are soaked in water for 12 hours followed by chilling at 1 °C for one to three months. It can also sprout from roots and/or stems. Seeds are stored in plant litter in large quantities. It is estimated that there are about two million seeds per acre in forest habitats. Seeds are dispersed propulsively from capsules and, it has been estimated, can remain viable for hundreds of years. In habitat, the seeds of plants in this genus germinate only in response to range fires and forest fires. Шаблон:Citation needed

Other uses

Native Americans used the dried leaves of this plant as an herbal tea, and early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea. Miwok Indians of California make baskets from Ceanothus branches. Ceanothus integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth.[36]

Nitrogen fixation

Ceanothus is actinorhizal, meaning it fixes nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with Frankia. Six genera within Rhamnaceae are actinorhizal, but Ceanothus is the only genus not in the monophyletic tribe Colletieae. This suggests that actinorhizal symbiosis may have evolved twice in Rhamnaceae.[37] Frankia forms nodules on the roots of Ceanothus, converting atmospheric nitrogen (Шаблон:Chem) into ammonia (Шаблон:Chem) using nitrogenase.[38][39]

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite EB1911
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок powo не указан текст
  4. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок cf не указан текст
  5. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок usda не указан текст
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок waterwise не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 Flowering Plants of the Santa Monica Mountains, Nancy Dale, 2nd Ed., 2000, pp. 166–167
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок bonapdiv не указан текст
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 13,2 13,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point Plant Database: Ceanothus americanus Шаблон:Webarchive
  15. ↑ Native Shrubs of the Sierra Nevada, John Hunter Thomas, Dennis R. Parnell, University of California Press, 1974, p. 70–77, [1]
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West, Gregory L. Tilford, Шаблон:ISBN
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Marcos Growers Horticulture Database: Ceanothus 'Anchor Bay'
  33. ↑ San Marcos Growers Horticulture Database: Ceanothus griseus horizontalis 'Diamond Heights'
  34. ↑ Marcos Growers Horticulture Database: Ceanothus 'Ray Hartman'
  35. ↑ San Marcos Growers Horticulture Database: Ceanothus thyrsiflorus 'Snow Flurry'
  36. ↑ Moerman, D. (1988). Native American Ethnobotany. Timber Press, Oregon.
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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