Английская Википедия:Celtic toponymy

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Файл:Celts in Europe.png
Map of Celtic-influenced regions of Europe, in dark green 1 and 2 : regions where Celtic languages are attested from the Middle Ages until today

Celtic toponymy is the study of place names wholly or partially of Celtic origin. These names are found throughout continental Europe, Britain, Ireland, Anatolia and, latterly, through various other parts of the globe not originally occupied by Celts.

Celtic languages

Шаблон:Main The Proto-Indo-European language developed into various daughter languages, including the Proto-Celtic language.

In Proto-Celtic ("PC"), the Proto-Indo-European ("PIE") sound *p disappeared, perhaps through an intermediate *Шаблон:IPA. It is a common point between all the Celtic languages. Examples : Latin pater "father", but Gaulish *atir / ater (atrebo, dativ plural), (Old) Irish athair / athir.[1]

After that, languages derived from Proto-Celtic changed PC *kw into either *p or *k (see: P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages). In P-Celtic languages, PC *kw changed into *p. In Q-Celtic dialects it developed into /k/.

P-Celtic languages include the Continental Gaulish language and the Brittonic branch of Insular Celtic. Common Brittonic is the ancestor of Welsh, Cornish and Breton.

Ancient Q-Celtic languages include the Continental Celtiberian and the Goidelic branch of Insular Celtic. Goidelic is the ancestor of the Gaelic languages Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.

Examples : PIE *kʷetwóres "four" >

  • Proto-Italic kʷettwōr "four" > Latin quattuor
  • Proto-Celtic kʷetwares "four" > Irish ceathair, Scottish Gaelic ceithir "four", but Gaulish petuar[ios] "fourth", Welsh pedwar "four", Old Breton petguar > Breton pevar "four"[1]

Frequent elements in place-names and their cognates in modern Celtic languages

European connection

  • Brigantes
  • Cambodunum > Champéon (France, Cambdonno / Cambindonno 6-7th century), Champbezon (France, Chambedon 11th century), Kempten (Germany, Camboduno 3rd century)
  • Mediolanum > Meulan (France), Milano (Italy)..
  • Noviomagus > Nouvion, Nogent, Novion, Nijon, etc. (France), Nijmegen (Netherland); former name of Chichester, Crayford (UK)
  • Ebur(i)acum > Ivry, Évry (France), former name of York (UK)
  • Epiacum > Epfig (Alsace, France, Epiaco 12th century); X (unknown location in Great-Britain)
  • Lugdunum > Lyon, Lion, Loudun, Laon, Lauzun (France), Leiden / Leyde (Netherlands)
  • Rigomagus > Riom (France), Remagen (Germany)
  • Segodunum > Suin, Syon (France); X unclear location near Würzburg (Germany)
  • Vuerodunum > several Verdun (France), Verduno (Italy, Piedmont), Verdú (Spain, Catalonia), Birten (Germany, Xanten)

Continental Celtic

Austria

Belgium

Czech Republic

France

Most of the main cities in France have a Celtic name (the original Gaulish one or the name of the Gaulish tribe).

Germany

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang, s.f., 'alder'. (Compare the modern German Erlenbach) and Old High German (OHG) aha, s.n., 'flowing water'.

Hungary

Italy

Шаблон:Further

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Шаблон:Further

Romania

Serbia

Slovenia

Spain

Asturias and Cantabria

Castile

Galicia

Шаблон:Main

Switzerland

Switzerland, especially the Swiss Plateau, has many Celtic (Gaulish) toponyms. This old layer of names was overlaid with Latin names in the Gallo-Roman period,[16] and, from the medieval period, with Alemannic German[17] and Romance[18] names.

For some names, there is uncertainty as to whether they are Gaulish or Latin in origin. In some rare cases, such as Frick, Switzerland, there have even been competing suggestions of Gaulish, Latin and Alemannic etymologies.[19]

Examples of toponyms with established Gaulish etymology:

Insular Celtic

Шаблон:Main

Goidelic

England

Place names in England derived partly or wholly from Goidelic languages include:

  • Ben, Yorkshire (Sedbergh), probably from the Gaelic benn ("a peak").[21]
  • Cambois, Northumberland, possibly from Old Irish Шаблон:Lang ("bay, creek")[22]
  • †Crosskelloc, Lancashire (Ulverston), from Irish cros ("a cross") + Chelloc (personal name).[23]
  • Dunmallard, Cumberland, possibly from Middle Irish dùn-mallacht ("fort of curses")[24]
  • Durdar, Cumberland (St Cuthbert Without), from Gaelic doiredarach ("oak copse").[21]
  • Greysouthen, Cumberland, from Irish craicc-Suthan ("Suthán's rock/cliff").[21]
  • Kilmond, Yorkshire (Bowes), possibly from Gaelic ceann-monadh ("head of the hill").[21]
  • Knockupworth, Cumberland (Grinsdale), from Irish cnocc ("hillock") (+ the Germanic personal-name Hubert).[21]
  • Latrigg, Cumberland, possibly from Old Irish lettir ("a slope").[21]
  • Latterbarrow, Lancashire (Hawkshead), possibly from Irish lettir ("a slope").[23]
  • Liscard, Cheshire, possibly from Irish Gaelic Шаблон:Lang meaning "fort of the rock".[25]
  • Noctorum, Cheshire, from Irish cnocc-tírim ("dry hill").[21]
  • Pool Darkin, Westmorland (Beetham), possibly from Gaelic poll ("pool") + the personal name *Dercan.[21]
  • Ravenglass, Cumberland, from Irish rann-Glas ("Glas's part/share").[21]
  • Torkin, Cumberland (Thursby), from Irish tor-cheann ("peak-head").[21]

Furthermore, some non-Goidelic place-names in mainly Northern and Midland England reference Irish personal names, due to Norse-Gaelic settlement Britain during the 10th century.

  • Carperby, Yorkshire containing the Irish Gaelic given-name Cairpe[26]
  • Dovenby, from personal name Dufan of Irish origin (OIr 'Dubhán')
  • Dunkenhalgh, Lancashire (Hyndburn), from the Gaelic personal name Donnchad (> Duncan) (+ Old English halh, "haugh").[23]
  • Fixby, Yorkshire, from the Gaelic Irish personal name Fiach
  • Gatenby, Yorkshire, from the Irish personal name Gaithen (+ Old Norse byr, "farm").[21]
  • Glassonby, from the Irish personal name Glassan
  • †Iocemhil, Lincolnshire (Killingholme), possibly contains the Irish personal name Eogan.[21]
  • Malmesbury, Wiltshire, from the Irish founder of the abbey Máel Dub
  • Mellishaw, Lancashire (Lancaster), possibly the Irish personal name name Mdeldn (+ Old Norse haugr).[23]
  • Melmerby, Yorkshire, from the Old Irish personal name Máel Muire
  • Yockenthwaite, Yorkshire, contains the Irish personal name Eogan (+ Old Norse þveit, "clearing").[21]

Place names that directly reference the Irish include Irby, Irby upon Humber, Ireby and Ireleth. Place names with Scot- or similar, such as Scothern in Lincolnshire or Scotton in the North Riding of Yorkshire, may refer to Gaelic speakers from Scotland or Ireland, since Old English Scottas originally had connotations of Irish Gaels.

Ireland

Шаблон:Main The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicized Irish language names.

Scotland

Шаблон:Main The majority of placenames in the Highlands of Scotland (part of the United Kingdom) are either Scottish Gaelic or anglicized Scottish Gaelic. Gaelic-derived placenames are very common in the rest of mainland Scotland also. Pictish-derived placenames can be found in the northeast, while Brythonic-derived placenames can be found in the south.

Isle of Man

Шаблон:Main Many placenames on the Isle of Man (a Crown dependency) are Manx or anglicised Manx, although there are also many Norse-derived place names.

Brythonic

England (excluding Cornwall)

Evidence for a Celtic root to place names in England is widely strengthened by early monastic charters, chronicles and returns: examples relate to Leatherhead and Lichfield. To describe a place as of the Celts, the Old English wealh becoming Wal/Wall/Welsh is often used. This was the main Germanic term for Romano-Celtic peoples, such as the Britons. Such names are a minority, but are widespread across England. For example, a smattering of villages around the heart and east of The Fens hint at this: West Walton, Walsoken, and the Walpoles indicate their continued presence. Nearby Wisbech, King's Lynn and Chatteris have Celtic topographical elements.

  • Arden (forest of), Warwickshire

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high' (Irish Шаблон:Lang)

  • Avon (river), Gloucestershire/Wiltshire/Somerset
  • Avon (river), Wiltshire/Hampshire/Dorset
  • Avon (river), Northamptonshire/Warwickshire/Worcestershire/Gloucestershire
  • Avon or Aune (river), Devon

From Brythonic Шаблон:Lang 'river' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water' (Irish uisce)

First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'hill'

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'high, lofty, elevated' (or divine name, Brigantia)

  • Bryn, Greater Manchester

Derived from Welsh bryn, 'hill'.

From Шаблон:Lang 'Camulus' (divine name) + Celtic *dūnon 'fortress'

First element from Brythonic *crüg 'hill'[27] (Irish cruach)

From Old Welsh *criu 'river crossing'

First two possibly linked. Latter from tribal name Dumnonii or Dumnones, from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'deep', 'world'

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water', Шаблон:Lang 'waters' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang; Breton Шаблон:Lang)

  • Durham, County Durham, Latin Dunelm

First element is possibly dun, ' hill fort' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, 'fort').

First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fort'; in Dūrobrīvae, Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'bridge'

Possibly derived from Brythonic *iska, 'water, fish' and *leith, 'damp, wet'.

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'water' (Irish Шаблон:Lang); second element in Isca Dumnoniorum (Exeter) is a tribal name (see Devon) Frome from the Brythonic word Frama meaning fair, fine or brisk.

From Brythonic *lēd- [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] + Шаблон:Lang [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] = "Grey Ford"[27]

  • Lincoln, Lincolnshire, Latin Lindum Colonia

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'pool' + Latin Шаблон:Lang 'colony'

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'breast' (referring to the shape of a hill)

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'field, plain'

Equivalent with Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the border") or Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the heathen").[24]

  • Pengethley, Herefordshire

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + possibly *kelli 'to stand' (Welsh gelli)

From Brythonic Шаблон:Lang 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang) + Шаблон:Lang 'wood' (Welsh coed), or Шаблон:Lang 'wood'[27]

First element from Brythonic *penn- 'hill, top, head, chief' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'head, end, chief, supreme') = Irish Шаблон:Lang 'head', from Proto-Celtic Шаблон:Lang

  • Penn, Buckinghamshire
  • Penn, West Midlands

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)

From English lower + Brythonic *penn- 'hill'

From Brythonic *penn- 'hill' and possibly p-Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'rocks'. This matches the earliest attestation from c. 1190, Pencher.

Old Sarum, Wiltshire, Latin Sorviodūnum Second element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'

First element conjectured to be Celtic for 'victorious', 'strength' or 'dry' (theories). Second element is Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'.

From Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'old' + Шаблон:Lang 'fortress'

  • Tamar (river), Devon/Cornwall
  • Tame (river), Greater Manchester
  • Tame (river), North Yorkshire
  • Tame (river), West Midlands
  • Team (river), Tyne and Wear
  • Teme (river), Welsh Tefeidiad, Wales/Shropshire/Worcestershire
  • Thames (river), Latin Tamesis

Possibly from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'dark' (cf. Celtic Шаблон:Lang > Welsh Шаблон:Lang 'darkness'). Other theories.

'Of the Trinovantes', a tribal name, perhaps 'very energetic people' from Celtic Шаблон:Lang (intensive) + Шаблон:Lang 'energetic', related to Шаблон:Lang 'new' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang)

From Brittonic *weru- 'broad' + *lam- 'hand' [from Celtic Шаблон:Lang] (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Irish Шаблон:Lang)

First element from Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'white' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang); in Vindolanda, Celtic Шаблон:Lang 'land, place' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang). In Vindomora, second element could be 'sea' (Welsh Шаблон:Lang, Irish Шаблон:Lang).

Scotland

The post-6th century AD Brittonic languages of Northern England and Scotland were Cumbric and Pictish. Cumbric place-names are found in Scotland south of the River Forth,[24] while Pictish names are found to the north.[28]

From *Шаблон:Lang ("river mouth").[29]

Formerly Abercrosan, from aber ("river mouth").[29]

Possibly equivalent to Middle Welsh aran ("high place").[30]

An Aghaidh Mhòr in Gaelic, possibly involving Brittonic *ag- ("a cleft").[31]

Lomond is equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("beacon").[24]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("extremes, source, front") + Шаблон:Lang ("land").[24]

Formerly Bladebolg, from Brittonic *blawd ("meal") + *bolg ("sack").[32]

  • Burnturk, Fife

Formerly Brenturk, equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("boar hill").[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("haugh, meadow") + Шаблон:Lang ("abode").[29]

  • Darnaway, Moray

Ultimately from ancient Brittonic Taranumagos ("tunder-plain").[29]

Perhaps from Brittonic *dem- meaning "sure, strong".[31]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("haugh, meadow").[29]

Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("small church").[24]

From Din Ediyn, from a Brittonic form meaning "fort of Ediyn" (c.f. Welsh Шаблон:Lang).

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("low hill").[29]

  • Glasgo, Aberdeenshire

See Glasgow, Lanarkshire below.[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("blue hollow").[29]

Ebudes in Ptolemy (c. 140 AD), possibly from ancient Brittonic ep- ("a horse"; c.f. Welsh Шаблон:Lang).[33]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("wood, forest").[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("a glade").[24]

  • Landrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]

  • Lanrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]

Equivalent either to Middle Breton Шаблон:Lang or Welsh Шаблон:Lang.[24]

  • Lendrick, Kinross-shire.

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]

  • Lendrick, Perthshire

See Lanark, Lanarkshire.[34]

See Ben Lomond, Stirlingshire.[32]

  • Mayish, Arran

Possibly from Brittonic maɣes ("field"; Welsh Шаблон:Lang).[35]

From an element cognate with Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("boggy meadow").[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("meadstone").[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bog, swamp") + Mar (a district name).[29]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bog, swamp").[29]

  • Mounth, Perthshire, Angus and Aberdeenshire

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("mountain, moor, hill").[28]

Probably from Common Brittonic *okelon ("a ridge").[28]

In Gaelic Urchaidh, from ancient Brittonic are-cētia ("on the wood").[29]

From pant ("a hollow").[29]

  • Panlathy, Angus

From pant ("a hollow").[34]

  • Panmure, Angus

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("big hollow").[29]

  • Pendewen, Angus

First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[34]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("summit of the cuckoo").[24]

Probably equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").

  • Pennygant Hill, Roxburghshire

See Pen y Ghent, Yorkshire, England.[24]

Probably equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("bush").

  • Pinderachy, Anugs

First element is possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[34]

  • Pinnel, Fife

Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("head, top, summit, source").[32]

Possibly equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("promontory pool").[36]

Equivalent to Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("ramparts town").[29]

  • Urquhart, Ross-shire

Formerly Airdchartdan, equivalent to Middle Welsh Шаблон:Lang ("on the enclosure").[29]

Probably from Common Brittonic iâla ("unfruitful land, pasture").[37]

Wales

Шаблон:Main The vast majority of placenames in Wales (part of the United Kingdom) are either Welsh or anglicized Welsh.

Cornwall

The vast majority of placenames in Cornwall are either Cornish or anglicized Cornish. For examples, see List of places in Cornwall.

Brittany

The vast majority of placenames in the west of Brittany (part of France) are either Breton or derived from Breton. For examples, see Category:Populated places in Brittany.

See also

Notes

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Pierre-Yves Lambert, La Langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 16 - 17
  2. ↑ Pierre-Yves Lambert, La langue gauloise, Editions Errance, 1994, p. 39.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Lambert, p. 37
  4. ↑ Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, 2nd edn. (Paris: Errance, 2003), p. 111.
  5. ↑ See Noviomagus and Lexovii.
  6. ↑ Other examples include Ruan (Rothomago 1233 / Rotomagus 5th century), Rom.
  7. ↑ Delamarre 2003, pp. 261-2.
  8. ↑ Bahlow, Hans. 1955. Namenforschung als Wissenschaft. Deutschlands Ortsnamen als Denkmäler keltischer Vorzeit. Frankfurt am Main.
  9. ↑ see Pokorny, IEW
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Xavier Delamarre, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Paris (éditions errance) 2001, p. 221.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Ptolemy II 6.21.
  16. ↑ such as Basle, Latin Basilea, from the personal name Basilius, ultimately of Greek origin,
  17. ↑ such as Bern, founded 1191
  18. ↑ such as Neuchâtel, founded 1011
  19. ↑ Frick has been derived from (a) a Celtic word for "confluence", cognate with fork, (b) an Alemannic personal name Fricco and (c) Latin ferra ricia "iron mine, ironworks".
  20. ↑ Bernhard Maier, Kleines Lexikon der Namen und Wörter keltischen Ursprungs, 2010, p. 51. Julius Pokorny, IEW (1959:325), s.v. "ē̆reb(h)-, ō̆rob(h)- 'dark reddish-brown colour'": "alb.-ligur.-kelt.-germ. eburo- 'rowan, mountain ash, yew, evergreen tree with poisonous needles'."
  21. ↑ 21,00 21,01 21,02 21,03 21,04 21,05 21,06 21,07 21,08 21,09 21,10 21,11 21,12 Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007), http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html (appendix at http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox-appendix.html); Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 Шаблон:Cite book
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 24,2 24,3 24,4 24,5 24,6 24,7 24,8 24,9 Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ A. D. Mills, A Dictionary of British Place Names (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), s.v.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Mills, AD. Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names. Oxford University Press, 1991.
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ 29,00 29,01 29,02 29,03 29,04 29,05 29,06 29,07 29,08 29,09 29,10 29,11 29,12 29,13 29,14 29,15 29,16 29,17 29,18 Шаблон:Cite book
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 32,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Woolf, Alex (2012) Ancient Kindred? Dál Riata and the Cruthin. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 34,2 34,3 34,4 34,5 34,6 Шаблон:Cite book
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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