Английская Википедия:Celtis

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Automatic taxobox

Celtis is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees, commonly known as hackberries or nettle trees, widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is part of the extended Cannabis family (Cannabaceae).

Description

Celtis species are generally medium-sized trees, reaching Шаблон:Convert tall, rarely up to Шаблон:Cvt tall. The leaves are alternate, simple, Шаблон:Convert long, ovate-acuminate, and evenly serrated margins. Diagnostically, Celtis can be very similar to trees in the Rosaceae and other rose motif families.Шаблон:Citation needed

Small flowers of this monoecious plant appear in early spring while the leaves are still developing. Male flowers are longer and fuzzy. Female flowers are greenish and more rounded.Шаблон:Citation needed

The fruit is a small drupe Шаблон:Convert in diameter, edible in many species, with a dryish but sweet, sugary consistency, reminiscent of a date.Шаблон:Citation needed

Taxonomy

Previously included either in the elm family (Ulmaceae) or a separate family, Celtidaceae, the APG III system places Celtis in an expanded hemp family (Cannabaceae).[1][2]

Phylogeny

Members of the genus are present in the fossil record as early as the Miocene of Europe, and Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia.[3][4]

Species

66 species are currently accepted.[5]

Файл:Celtis africana, blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg
Clusters of staminate (male) flowers of C. africana, with four tepals and four stamens each
Файл:Celtis occidentalis leaf.png
Leaf of C. occidentalis

Removed from genus

Etymology

The generic name originated in Latin and was applied by Pliny the Elder to the unrelated Ziziphus lotus.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The trees are widespread in warm temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including Southern Europe, South and East Asia, southern and central North America,[9] south and central Africa, and northern and central South America.

Ecology

Шаблон:More citations needed sectionSome species, including common hackberry (C. occidentalis) and C. brasiliensis, are honey plants and a pollen source for honeybees of lesser importance.

Lepidoptera

Celtis species are used as food plants by the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera. These include mainly brush-footed butterflies, most importantly the distinct genus Libythea (beak butterflies) and some Apaturinae (emperor butterflies):

Файл:Libythea celtis1.jpg
Common beak (Libythea lepita) caterpillars feed on Celtis in Asia

Pathogens

The plant pathogenic basidiomycete fungus Perenniporia celtis was first described from a Celtis host plant. Some species of Celtis are threatened by habitat destruction.

Uses

Шаблон:More citations needed section Several species are grown as ornamental trees, valued for their drought tolerance. They are a regular feature of arboreta and botanical gardens, particularly in North America. Chinese hackberry (C. sinensis) is suited for bonsai culture; a magnificent specimen in Daegu-myeon is one of the natural monuments of South Korea. The berries are generally edible when they ripen and fall.[14] C. occidentalis fruit was used by the Omaha, eaten casually, as well as the Dakota people, who pounded them fine, seeds and all. The Pawnee used the pounded fruits in combination with fat and parched corn.[15]

Hackberry wood is sometimes used in cabinetry and woodworking. The berries of some, such as C. douglasii, are edible, and were consumed by the Mescalero Apaches.[16]

Gallery

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Taxonbar Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ Шаблон:GRIN
  3. ↑ MacPhail, M. K., N. F. Alley, E. M. Truswell and I. R. K. Sluiter (1994). "Early Tertiary vegetation: evidence from spores and pollen." History of the Australian Vegetation: Cretaceous to Recent. Ed. Robert S. Hill. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–261. Шаблон:ISBN.Partially available on Google Books.
  4. ↑ Manchester, S. R., Akhmetiev, M. A., & Kodrul, T. M. (2002). Leaves and fruits of Celtis aspera (Newberry) comb. nov. (Celtidaceae) from the Paleocene of North America and eastern Asia. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163(5), 725-736.
  5. ↑ Celtis L. Plants of the World Online, Kew Science. Accessed 11 December 2022.
  6. ↑ MacVean, A.L. 2021. Celtis trinervia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T179045950A149309679. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T179045950A149309679.en. Downloaded on 28 April 2021.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. Шаблон:ISBN. pp. 249–252.
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Brower, Andrew V.Z. (2006). Problems with DNA barcodes for species delimitation: ‘ten species’ of Astraptes fulgerator reassessed (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Systematics and Biodiversity 4(2): 127–132. Шаблон:Doi PDF fulltext
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal PDF fulltext Supporting Appendices
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
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