Английская Википедия:Central Advisory Councils for Education

Section 4 of the Education Act 1944 set-up two Central Advisory Councils for Education, one for England and one for Wales and Monmouthshire.Шаблон:Sfn The purpose of the councils was to advise the Minister of Education upon matters connected with educational theory and practice,Шаблон:Sfn the advices were used to refine educational policy and develop educational institutes.Шаблон:Sfn Starting with a terms of reference, the councils would carryout an enquiry and produce a report which would be submitted to the Minister of Education who could choose to publish the report.

Purpose of the councils

Шаблон:Graphical timeline

Rab Butler who was responsible for passing the Education Act 1944 (aka the Butler Act), elaborated on the purpose of the councils when the bill was moved for a second reading in parliament:Шаблон:Blockquote

To "hold aloft the torch of true learning"Шаблон:Sfn metaphorically described the outcome from applying current educational theory and best practice to improve education.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn To achieve such an outcome, evidence & research based advice was needed to influence government thinking, justify policy change, and set priorities so leading to the reallocation of resources used for education.Шаблон:Sfn The enquiries by the councils followed by the publication of their findings in reports were simply the first step to achieving the change needed to improve children's lives for the better.Шаблон:Sfn

The reports, socialised out the current practices in education, both good and bad.Шаблон:Sfn They often legitimised some sensible ideas for educational change which were previously considered radical & progressive by the educational establishment.Шаблон:Sfn They had an unequalled ability to obtain a broad consensus for change across both the public and education profession.Шаблон:Sfn They established a blueprint for best practice and encouraged its adoption and they set parents expectations for the education of their children.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Most importantly of all, they economically demonstrated the relationship between education and growth which helped to justify the significant post-war expansion in public education services.Шаблон:Sfn The reports often achieved their aims slowly by influencing government though exerting political pressure and extracting commitments which eventually led to the change needed to improve the lives of children.Шаблон:Sfn

The councils were learned, independent and respected. They received and absorbed evidence across a diverse range of opinions and undertook detailed research and surveys to support their findings.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The result was the reports often became the definitive documents on a particular education service and were sometimes best sellers in their own rights.Шаблон:Sfn

To this purpose and over their 22 year lifespan, the councils investigated some of the most pertinent educational questions of the time with the results of their most important enquiries being published in reports by His Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).Шаблон:Sfn In addition the Ministry of Education sometimes received advice in the form of reports from the councils but then chose not to publish, these are on public records at the National Archives in Kew.Шаблон:Sfn

Composition of the Councils

The Minister of Education appointed the chairman & members for each council and supplied the secretariat from the Ministry of Education.Шаблон:Sfn The Education Act obliged the minister to appoint both persons who had experience of the public education system as well as persons who had an experience of educational institutions not forming part of that system,Шаблон:Refn Шаблон:Sfn the original aim was to enlist the help of representatives of different aspects of the national life, whether they be industrial, scientific or cultural.Шаблон:Sfn This resulted in an eclectic mix of people on the council as evidenced by the membership of the inaugural English council, which was appointed by Rab Butler, the first Minister of Education:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn -

Inaugural (1945) Central Advisory Council for Education (England)Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
Name	Role	Position	Representing
Sir Fred Clarke	Chairman	Director of the Institute of Education in the University of London	Шаблон:Anchor rowspan="8" \|Educationalists & Academics
Mr. W. O. Lester Smith	Member	Director of Education, Manchester.
Sir Charles Darwin, K.B.E., M.C., F.R.S.	Member	Director, National Physical Laboratory
Sir Henry Clay	Member	Principal, Nuffield College, Oxford
Professor B. Dobrée, O.B.E.	Member	Professor of English Literature, Leeds University
Professor R. A. B. Mynors	Member	Professor of Latin, University of Cambridge.
Professor Willis Jackson	Member	Professor of Electro-Technics, University of Manchester.
Professor J. A. Scott-Watson, C.B.E.	Member	Chief Education and Advisory Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Miss M. F. Adams	Member	Headmistress Croydon High School for Girls	rowspan="6" Шаблон:Anchor \|Practitioners Inside the Public Education System
Mr. J. F. Wolfenden, C.B.E.	Member	Headmaster, Shrewsbury School.
Mr. Ronald Gould	Member	Headmaster, Welton School, Somerset
Miss E. Dodds	Member	Warden, Bishop Creighton House, Fulham
Lady Allen of Hurtwood	Member	Chairman of the Nursery School Association of Great Britain
Dr. C. F. Brockington	Member	School Medical Officer, Warwickshire County Council.
The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Bristol	Member	Secretary, Council of Church Training Colleges, and Christian Education Movement.	Шаблон:Anchor rowspan="5" \|Educators Outside the Public Education System
Rev. Dr. A. W. Harrison Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn	Member	Secretary, Methodist Education Committee.
Lieutenant-Colonel the Honourable N.A.S. Lytton-Milbanke	Member	National Catholic Youth Association.
Sir Phillip Morris, C.B.E.	Member	Director-General of Army Education.
The Honourable Mrs. Youard.	Member	Rural Education.
Mr. Harold Clay	Member	Transport and General Workers' Union	Шаблон:Anchor rowspan="3" \|Employers & Unions
Sir Claude Gibb, F.R.S.	Member	General manager and Director of C. A. Parsons & Co. Ltd.
The Honourable Josiah Wedgwood	Member	Managing Director, Josiah Wedgwood & Sons Ltd.
Miss M. S. Smylie	Secretary	Ministry of Education, H.M. Inspector	Secretariat
Miss J. M. Crafter	Assistant	Secretary
Miss M. E. Forsyth	Clerk	Clerk

History

The constitution of the councils only changed organically over the first decade as originally the tenure of membership was set on a rotating basis allowing for some change to the council composition whilst still ensuring continuity,Шаблон:Sfn this organic change included the fact some councillors resigned of their own volition or passed away and those vacancies were filled, during this historical phase there was only one change in chairman as Sir Fred Clark was replaced by Samuel Gurney-Dixon.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

This way of operating changed in 1956 when Sir David Eccles started to re-constitute the main English councils for each new enquiry, subsequently it was reconstituted 3 times by the Education Minister of the time:Шаблон:Sfn -

In March 1956, by the minister, Sir David Eccles under the new chairman, Sir Geoffrey Crowther Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
In March 1961, by the minister, Sir David Eccles under the new chairman, Lord Amory,Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn who resigned during his tenure forcing the vice-chairman, John Newsom to then step-up to chairmanШаблон:Sfn
In August 1963, by the minister Sir Edward Boyle under the new chairwoman, Lady Bridget Plowden, with John Newsom dropping back down to vice-chairman.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Organisation

The councils were public bodies within the government of the United Kingdom, for context : -

The role of Minister of Education was created under the Education Act.Шаблон:Sfn
The Prime Minister appointed a member of parliament to the role.Шаблон:Sfn
The Education Minister produced an annual report for parliament.Шаблон:Sfn
The Education Minister was scrutinised by parliament and its committees.Шаблон:Sfn

The two advisory councils fitted into this organisation as follows: -

The central advisory councils were created under the Education Act so they were statutory.Шаблон:Sfn
The Education Minister appointed the chair and members of the council.Шаблон:Sfn
The Education Minister provided terms of reference for the enquiries.Шаблон:Sfn
The councils could also set their own terms of reference and could make independent enquiries as they saw fit.Шаблон:Sfn
By statute the annual report of the Ministry of Education included information on the workings of the councils.Шаблон:Sfn
This information enabled parliament and its committees to scrutinise the work of the councils.Шаблон:Sfn

Remits of the published enquiries

Each of the enquiries undertaken by the councils were under a terms of reference (aka remit) which defined the scope & bounds of each enquiry. The councils either enquired on the questions raised by the minister or on questions independently identified by the councils themselves.Шаблон:Sfn

Remits for the Published Enquiries Undertaken by the Central Advisory Council for Education (England)
Enquiry	Date of Inception	Chairman of Council at Inception	Education Minister at Inception of Enquiry	Enquiry Incepted by	Terms of Reference
School and Life	1944Шаблон:Sfn	Sir Fred Clarke Шаблон:Sfn	Rab Butler Шаблон:Sfn	Council with the agreement of the ministerШаблон:Sfn	"The subject to which the Council proposes to address itself first is the transition from life at school to independent life. It will examine the content and methods of education in those schools from which the actual transition is made, and proceed to the influence of earlier education from the nursery school onwards, and at the other end of the scale to the special problems of part-time education. The general purpose of the enquiry will be an appreciation and criticism of existing education as a preparation for a useful and satisfying life."Шаблон:Sfn
Out of School	1947Шаблон:Sfn	Sir Fred Clarke Шаблон:Sfn	George Tomlinson Шаблон:Sfn	Minister of EducationШаблон:Sfn	"To consider and report on the natural interests and pursuits of school children out of school hours; the provision made for these outside their homes; the value of such provision and the desirability of further or different provision; and the extent to which school work and activities can and should be related to and develop these interests."Шаблон:Sfn
Early leaving	1952Шаблон:Sfn	Sir Samuel Gurney-DixonШаблон:Sfn	Florence Horsbrugh Шаблон:Sfn	Minister of EducationШаблон:Sfn	'To consider what factors influence the age at which boys and girls leave secondary schools which provide courses beyond the minimum school-leaving age; to what extent it is desirable to increase the proportion of those who remain at school, in particular the proportion of those who remain at school roughly to the age of 18; and what steps should be taken to secure such an increase.'Шаблон:Sfn
15 to 18	1956Шаблон:Sfn	Sir Geoffrey Crowther Шаблон:Sfn	Sir David Eccles Шаблон:Sfn	Minister of EducationШаблон:Sfn	"To consider, in relation to the changing social and industrial needs of our society, and the needs of its individual citizens, the education of boys and girls between 15 and 18, and in particular to consider the balance at various levels of general and specialised studies between these ages and to examine the inter-relationship of the various stages of education".Шаблон:Sfn This was extended by the education minister (Lord Hailsham) on 1 July 1957 through issuance of circular 326: -Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn "to consider whether any, and if so, what arrangements should be made for the examination of those secondary school pupils for whom the General Certificate of Education was recognised to be inappropriate"Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
Half Our Future	1961Шаблон:Sfn	Lord Amory	Lord Eccles Шаблон:Sfn	Minister of EducationШаблон:Sfn	Original: - 'To consider the education between the ages of 13 and 16 of pupils of average or less than average ability who are or will be following full-time courses either at schools or in establishments of further education. The term education shall be understood to include extra-curricular activities.'Шаблон:Sfn
Children and their Primary Schools	1963Шаблон:Sfn	Lady Plowden JP	Sir Edward BoyleШаблон:Sfn	Minister of EducationШаблон:Sfn	'To consider primary education in all its aspects and the transition to secondary education'Шаблон:Sfn

Own Remits

The unique difference between the councils and the commission which proceeded it or the committees which followed was the ability to set its own terms of reference, independently of the minister of education.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Major published reports

English publications

The following are the six reports published by the English council: -Шаблон:Sfn


Date	Report Title	Parts	Pages	Chairman at Publication	Minister of Education at Publication
1947	School and LifeШаблон:Sfn	One Part	96	Sir Fred Clarke	Ellen Wilkinson Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn
1948	Out of SchoolШаблон:Sfn	One Part	519	Sir Fred Clarke	George Tomlinson
1954	Early leavingШаблон:Sfn	One Part	99	Sir Samuel Gurney-Dixon	Florence Horsbrugh
1959	15 to 18Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn	Volume I - The ReportШаблон:Sfn	519	Sir Geoffrey Crowther	Geoffrey Lloyd
1960	15 to 18Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn	Volume II - The SurveysШаблон:Sfn	240	Sir Geoffrey Crowther	Geoffrey Lloyd
1963	Half Our Future Шаблон:Sfn	One Part	298	John Newsom CBE	Edward Boyle
1967	Children and their Primary Schools Шаблон:Sfn	Volume I - The ReportШаблон:Sfn	555	Lady Plowden JP	Anthony Crosland
1967	Children and their Primary Schools Шаблон:Sfn	Volume II - The Research & SurveysШаблон:Sfn	633	Lady Plowden JP	Anthony Crosland

Welsh publications

The following are the ten reports published by the Welsh council: -Шаблон:Sfn


Date	Language	Report Title	Pages	Chairman
1949	English & Welsh	The Future of Secondary Education in WalesШаблон:Sfn	160	Professor Richard Aaron
1951	English & Welsh	The county college in Wales: Y coleg sir yng Nghymru!.Шаблон:Sfn	126	Professor Richard Aaron
1953	English	Arts in Education; Music in the Schools of WalesШаблон:Sfn	53	(not named in bibliography)
1953	English	The Place of Welsh and English in the Schools of WalesШаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refn	110	(not named in bibliography)
1954	English & Welsh	The Arts in Education; Drama in the Schools of WalesШаблон:Sfn	53	A.B. Oldfield-Davies
1956	English & Welsh	Arts in Education; Art and Crafts in the Schools of WalesШаблон:Sfn	88	A.B. Oldfield-Davies
1960	English & Welsh	Education in Rural WalesШаблон:Sfn	168	A.B. Oldfield-Davies
1961	English & Welsh	Technical Education in WalesШаблон:Sfn	146	A.B. Oldfield-Davies
1965	English & Welsh	Science in Education in Wales TodayШаблон:Sfn	169	Llewellyn-Jones, F.
1967	English	Primary Education in WalesШаблон:Refn Шаблон:Sfn	646	Charles Gittins
1967	Welsh	Addysg Gynradd CymruШаблон:Sfn	668	Charles Gittins

Unpublished enquiries

Шаблон:Graphical timeline

England

The English council additionally completed five enquiries where the Minister of Education chose not to publish the reports, also one enquiry completed but with just a memoranda and one enquiry was not completed: -

1947 - 1948; - Education of the young worker (report produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
1948 - 1951; - The crisis in the primary school (report produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn
1949 - 1949; - County College (memoranda produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn
1948 - 1950; - Relations between technical and general education.Шаблон:Sfn
1951 - 1954; - Premature leaving from secondary schools (report produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn
1949 - 1952; - The relation between school and university (report produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn
1950 - 1954; - The age of compulsory school attendance (report produced - unpublished).Шаблон:Sfn

Wales

The Welsh council was smaller than its larger English counter-part and dealt with less significant enquiries but all ten of its enquiries resulted in reports which were all published.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Dissolution

After the issuance of the Plowden report, the final meeting of the central advisory council for education (England) was held on 16 October 1966, with the tenure of all the members allowed to expire on 30 November 1966.Шаблон:Sfn Similarly, after the issuance of the Gittins report, the equivalent council for Wales met in March 1967 and the tenure of their members was also allowed to expire shortly afterwards.Шаблон:Sfn Neither council was ever re-constituted again but the statute under which they were instituted [section (4) of the Education Act 1944] remained in law until finally repealed on 1 November 1996.Шаблон:Sfn

Replacement bodies

The educational advisory function was instead carried out by a multitude of non-statutory advisory bodies who were indirectly constituted at the behest of Ministers rather than being constituted directly under an act of parliament as were the two councils.Шаблон:Sfn In 1971, the Secretary of State for Education & Science (Margaret Thatcher) explained the change to the 'advisory machinery' and named many of the bodies who had replaced the work done by the two statutory advisory councils: -Шаблон:Sfn

Permanent (standing) advisory councils with thematic remits: -Шаблон:Sfn

Established 1948; - National Advisory Council on Education for Industry and Commerce
Established 1958; - National Advisory Council on Art Education
Established 1964; - The Schools Council
Established 1967; - The National Council for Educational Technology

Ad-hoc (expert) committees with single issue remits: -Шаблон:Sfn

Reported 1955; - Underwood Committee on Maladjusted Children
Reported 1960; - Anderson committee on awards to students
Reported 1960; - Albemarle committee on the youth service
Reported 1963; - Robbins committee on higher education
Reported 1968; - Summerfield Committee on psychologists in education services
Reported 1972; - James Committee on teacher training
Reported 1973; - Russell Committee on adult education

Reasons for replacement

The reasons the statutory councils were dissolved and replaced by non-statutory advisory bodies were manifold. Some education ministers such as Anthony Crosland, did not want an independent body contemplating the long-term vision needed for education instead the ministry of education under political control should carryout this fundamental activity and so the internal advisory capability of the ministry was improved.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn By their nature, the reports were often publicly critical of the status quo which was often construed as criticism of the education minister which was not appreciated.Шаблон:Sfn Ministers no longer considered it necessary for the councils to come-up with their own terms of reference and they were not keen on funding such work.Шаблон:Sfn The councils were subject to statutory reporting which led to more parliamentary scrutiny than with non-statutory advisory bodies.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Refbegin

Legislation

Reports (England)

Reports (Wales)

Hansard

UK government sources

National archives

Academics

Шаблон:Refend

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