Английская Википедия:Central Bikol
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Central Bikol, commonly called Bikol Naga[1] or simply as Bikol, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolanos, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect.
Central Bikol features some vocabulary not found in other Bikol languages nor in other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples are the words Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang, which are the same as the Kapampangan words meaning 'older' and 'foot, feet', respectively. The word Шаблон:Lang ('night') is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word Шаблон:Lang but closer to the word Шаблон:Lang of Kapampangan. There is no formal study on the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.
Central Bikol dialects
Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into six dialects, which are still mutually comprehensible. The division of the language into different dialects is mainly because of the influence of other Bikol and non-Bikol languages surrounding the region.
The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small portion of the population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first, second, third districts (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers), and in the western and eastern portions of the fourth district (Caramoan, Garchitorena, Presentacion, Siruma and Tinambac) of Camarines Sur. It is also spoken in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias Island) and the southwestern part of Catanduanes. The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in the southern portion of the fourth districts (Goa, Lagonoy, Sagñay, San Jose, and Tigaon). The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages. The Daet dialect, on the other hand, is spoken in the second district of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect (or Viracnon language) is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southeastern part of the island of Catanduanes.
Dialectal comparison of Central Bikol
| Canaman dialect (Standard) | Naga City dialect | Partido dialect | Tabaco - Legazpi - Sorsogon (TLS) dialect | Virac dialect | Daet dialect | Rinconada Bikol language (Inland Bikol) |
Sorsoganon language (Bisakol) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Like other Philippine languages, Bikol has a number of loanwords, largely Spanish ones as a result of Spanish rule in the Philippines. These include Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'luck'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'meat'), Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'investigator'), Шаблон:Lang ('liter'), Шаблон:Lang ('but'), and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Lang, 'crime'). Another source of loanwords in Bikol is Sanskrit, with examples including words like Шаблон:Lang ('responsibility') and karma.
Phonology
Consonants
There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: Шаблон:IPA. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: Шаблон:IPA.
The sound system of the language according to Mintz in 1971[2] is as follows.
Notes
- ʃ – written as Шаблон:Angbr, this is only found only in loan words from English, as in shirt.
- tʃ – written as Шаблон:Angbr, this is found in loan words from Spanish and English and is pronounced like the ch in check.
- dʒ – written as Шаблон:Angbr, this is found basically in loan words from English and is pronounced like the j sound in jeep.
- ɲ – written as Шаблон:Angbr, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ñ in Шаблон:Lang.
- ʎ – written as Шаблон:Angbr, this is found in loan words from Spanish and is pronounced like the ll in Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang (in Spanish dialects without yeísmo).
- h – Due to contact with the nearby Albay Bikol languages, words that start with h in Bikol Naga, start with Шаблон:IPAlink in Bikol Legazpi.
- Ex: Шаблон:Lang ('look', Bikol Naga) becomes Шаблон:Lang ('look', Bikol Legazpi)
Vowels
Native words exhibit a three-vowel system whose vowels can be noted as Шаблон:IPA, with Шаблон:IPA realized as Шаблон:IPA in the final syllable. Due to contact with Spanish, modern Central Bikol also has two marginal phonemes Шаблон:IPA distinct from Шаблон:IPA.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr | Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr | |
| Mid | e Шаблон:Angbr | o Шаблон:Angbr | |
| Open | Шаблон:IPAlink Шаблон:Angbr |
Grammar
| Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang |
| 2nd person singular | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang |
| 3rd person singular | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 1st person plural inclusive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang |
| 1st person plural exclusive | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang |
| 2nd person plural | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
| 3rd person plural | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang | Шаблон:Lang |
Particles
Like many other Philippine languages, Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) used for emphasis determined by context
- Шаблон:Lang – giving a chance to someone; polite insisting
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) quoting information from a secondary source
- Шаблон:Lang - emphasizing the condition that intensifies the difficulties. (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) interrogative particle
- Шаблон:Lang - (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) although
- Шаблон:Lang - (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) then
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) likeness or similitude. English: 'It looks like, it's as if'.
- Шаблон:Lang – 'exactly'
- Шаблон:Lang – 'not exactly, not really'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'maybe, could be'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'again'
- Шаблон:Lang – 'I hope (something did / did not happen' ; 'If only ...' (conditionality of past events)
- Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'only, just'
- Шаблон:Lang – hoping that something will happen, or expressing surrender/assent
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) 'also' or 'ever' (such as Шаблон:Lang 'whatever' and Шаблон:Lang 'whoever')
- Шаблон:Lang - 1. relenting or agreeing (Шаблон:Lang) 2. one is yielding (Шаблон:Lang) 3. stating what actually happened (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'first' or 'yet'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'now' or 'already'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'again'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang) 'really, truly, absolutely' (adds a sense of certainty)
- Шаблон:Lang – 'I said'
- Шаблон:Lang – expresses fate ("This is helpless") or a plea for others not to insist
- Шаблон:Lang – indicates to a person what they should say to another (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang – 'in the future', 'later' (span of time)
- Шаблон:Lang – expresses a hypothetical event/situation (Шаблон:Lang)
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'still'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) expresses surprise or sudden realization
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) politeness marker; Шаблон:Lang in some Bikol dialects due to the influence of Tagalog.
- Шаблон:Lang – 'lest' (Akuon ko na sana an ayuda kan barangay, harambiling makamati nin gutom. I'll just accept the help of the barangay, lest I will get hungry).
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'immediately, right away'
- Шаблон:Lang – (Tagalog: Шаблон:Lang) 'really', 'truly'
Numbers
Numerals
There exist two types of numerals in Bikol: native Bikol and Spanish numerals. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms when referring to time, as in the phrase Шаблон:Lang ('5 o'clock'). However, the native terms can be read in literary books. The Spanish numerals are often encountered in pricing.
Angry speech register
Шаблон:Unreferenced section The angry register of Bikol, also known natively as tamanggot or rapsak, is used when angry, shouting, or speaking in a high-pitched voice at someone. Some examples of the register include:
Note: Шаблон:Reflist
See also
Notes
References
- Lobel, Jason William, Wilmer Joseph S Tria, and Jose Maria Z Carpio. 2000. An satuyang tataramon / A study of the Bikol language. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.
- Mattes, Veronika. 2014. Types of Reduplication: A Case Study of Bikol. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
External links
Шаблон:Wikibooks Шаблон:Sisterlinks
Шаблон:Bikol languages Шаблон:Languages of the Philippines Шаблон:Philippine languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Bikol languages
- Languages of Camarines Norte
- Languages of Camarines Sur
- Languages of Albay
- Languages of Sorsogon
- Languages of Catanduanes
- Languages of Masbate
- Articles with Central Bikol-language sources (bcl)
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