Английская Википедия:Central Boulevards of Brussels

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates

Файл:Bruxelles, Boul. Anspach, vélos et autobus (terminus) près de la pl. Fontainas - panoramio.jpg
Looking upwards the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan near the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein

The Central Boulevards (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl) are a series of grand boulevards in central Brussels, Belgium. They were constructed following the covering of the river Senne (1867–1871), as part of the major urban works by the architect Léon Suys under the tenure of the city's then-mayor, Jules Anspach.Шаблон:Sfn[1] They are from south to north and from west to east: the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan, the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan, and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

The covering of the Senne and the completion of the Central Boulevards allowed the construction of the modern public buildings that are focal to downtown Brussels today, including the former Brussels Stock ExchangeШаблон:Sfn[2] and the Midi Palace,Шаблон:Sfn[3] as well as the reconstruction of the Greater Sluice Gate, south of the city.

History

Origins: covering of the Senne

Шаблон:Main

Файл:Covering of the Senne EN v1.2.svg
The 1837 course of the Senne superimposed on the modern city

The Senne/Zenne (French/Dutch) was historically the main waterway of Brussels, but it became more polluted and less navigable as the city grew. By the second half of the 19th century, it had become a serious health hazard and was filled with garbage and decaying organic matter.Шаблон:Sfn It was heavily polluted, and it flooded frequently, inundating the lower town and the working class neighbourhoods that surrounded it.Шаблон:Sfn

Numerous proposals were made to remedy this problem, and in 1865, the City of Brussels' then-mayor, Jules Anspach, selected a design by the architect Léon Suys to cover the river and build a series of grand boulevards and public buildings.[1] The project faced fierce opposition and controversy, mostly due to its cost and the need for expropriation and demolition of working-class neighbourhoods.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The construction was contracted to a British company,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn but control was returned to the government following an embezzlement scandal.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn This delayed the project, but it was still completed in 1871.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The covering of the Senne brought boulevards to the heart of Brussels, whereas they had hitherto been limited to the Small Ring, a series of roadways built on the site of the 14th-century walls bounding the historic city centre. The boulevards, whose initial function was to go around the capital, thus became structural urban thoroughfares. The central boulevards' completion also allowed urban renewal and the construction along them of the modern public buildings of Haussmann-esque style, which are characteristic of downtown Brussels today.Шаблон:Sfn

Construction and development

The Central Boulevards—the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (now the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang), the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (now the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan), the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (now the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan), and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (now the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang)—were laid out between 1869 and 1871, and were progressively opened to traffic from 1871 to 1873.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The opening of these new routes offered a more efficient way to get into Brussels' lower town than the cramped streets such as the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Rue Neuve/Nieuwstraat, and helped revitalise the town's lower quarters.Шаблон:Sfn

In order to accomplish this revitalisation and attract investment, public buildings were constructed as part of Léon Suys' massive programme of beautification of the city centre,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn including the Brussels Stock Exchange (1868–1873).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The vast Central Halls (Шаблон:Lang-fr, Шаблон:Lang-nl), a good example of metallic architecture, located between the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, replaced unhygienic open-air markets, though they were torn down in 1958.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The monumental fountain at the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein, which was to break the boulevards' uniformity, was abandoned for budgetary reasons.Шаблон:Sfn

The construction of private buildings on the boulevards and surrounding areas took place later. Brussels' middle class continued to prefer living in new suburbs rather than the cramped areas of the city centre. Besides, the high prices of the land (expected to finance part of the construction costs) and the high rents were not within the means of the lower classes. Moreover, life in apartments was no longer desirable for residents of Brussels, who preferred to live in single family homes. For these reasons, the buildings constructed by private citizens had difficulty finding buyers.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

To give builders an incentive to create elaborate and appealing facades on their works, two architectural competitions were organised, first in the period 1872–1876 and again in 1876–1878. Great freedom was given to the architects; no unity of style was sought nor imposed (other than a minimum height of Шаблон:Convert to avoid speculation) and the monumental composition adopted a de facto eclectic approach throughout the immense perspective of the boulevards.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The first prize of 20,000 Belgian francs for the 1872–1876 competition was awarded to the architect Henri Beyaert who designed the Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (loosely, "House of Cats") on the Boulevard du Nord.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Nonetheless, it took another twenty years, until 1895, for buildings to solidly line the boulevards.Шаблон:Cn

Contemporary (1945–present)

Файл:Pictures taken from former Actiris Building on Anspach, Brussels 19.jpg
View on the Boulevard Anspach towards the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein from the former Actiris building

The covering of the Senne and the construction of the Central Boulevards have left deep traces in Brussels' historic centre. The formerly working-class districts have made way for apartment buildings and for the Stock Exchange with its commercial district, department stores, luxury hotels, concert halls, cafés and brasseries. From the end of the Second World War until the late 1970s, the Central Boulevards were subject to urban planners' failed attempts to transform them into urban motorways (see Brusselisation). In 1976, tram traffic was brought underground by the opening of the North–South Axis. In spite of this, the boulevards have mostly retained their 19th-century appearance to this day.Шаблон:Sfn

Since 29 June 2015, the Central Boulevards have been pedestrianised between the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein and the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein, as part of a broader pedestrianisation of Brussels' city centre (Шаблон:Lang). The area, covering Шаблон:Convert, includes much of the historic centre within the Small Ring, such as the Grand-Place/Grote Markt, the Place de Brouckère and the Boulevard Anspach.[4][5][6]

Файл:Bruxelles, place de la Bourse et Bd Anspach - panoramio.jpg
The Place de la Bourse in 2012, before pedestrianisation

The boulevards

Boulevard Maurice Lemonnier

Formerly named the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang stretches from the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang to the Place Fontainas/Fontainasplein. Interrupted halfway by the Place Anneessens/Anneessensplein (former location of the Old Market), this artery is characterised by a homogeneous succession of low-rise buildings for the most part, bourgeois dwellings with a predilection for the neoclassical style, apartment buildings, and commercial buildings such as the Midi Palace.Шаблон:Sfn[3][7] In 1919, the city council ordered the boulevard to be renamed in honour of the alderman and patriot Maurice Lemonnier (1860–1930), who returned from a long captivity as a prisoner in Germany during World War I.[7] Some remarkable buildings along this relatively well-preserved stretch include the Midi Palace, the Model School (currently Charles Buls Primary School), the former Municipal School no. 13 (currently the Шаблон:Ill) on the Place Anneessens,[7] as well as the old Castellani rotunda (now transformed into a parking lot).[8]Шаблон:Sfn

Boulevard Anspach

Шаблон:Main Central by its original name as much as by its location, the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan connects the Place Fontainas to the Place de Brouckère.Шаблон:Sfn In 1879, it was renamed in honour of Jules Anspach (1829–1879), the former mayor of the City of Brussels who instigated these works.Шаблон:Sfn Among the most important buildings on the Central Boulevards are concentrated there: the former Brussels Stock Exchange building,Шаблон:Sfn[2] major shops and entertainment venues, and formerly markets and department stores (Grand Bazar Anspach and Grands Magasins de la Bourse). Large buildings, several of which bear the signature of the French promoter Mosnier, are adjacent to hotels (Grand Hotel and Hotel Central), cafés, cinemas, theatres, and concert halls (Pathé Palace cinema,[9] Bourse Theatre and Ancienne Belgique). Some remarkable buildings on this section include the former Stock Exchange on the Place de la Bourse, as well as Anspach Gallery.Шаблон:Sfn

Boulevard Adolphe Max

Шаблон:Main Unlike the other sections of the Central Boulevards, the Boulevard Adolphe Max/Adolphe Maxlaan (formerly the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Sfn does not cover the Senne. It doubles with the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang and connects the Place de Brouckère to the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, forming a "Y" crossroad with the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain.Шаблон:Sfn It is characterised by five-level buildings on average, monumental in appearance for the most part. A dozen of them belong to the Haussmann-esque vein in the Second Empire style. Others, of neoclassical inspiration, are distinguished by the decoration of their balconies, windows, and pediments.Шаблон:Sfn In 1919, it was renamed in honour of the then-mayor of the City of Brussels, Adolphe Max (1869–1939). Remarkable buildings on this stretch include the House of Cats,[10] the entrance of the Northern Passage glazed shopping arcade,[11] as well as the luxurious Hotel Le Plaza[12] and Hotel Atlanta.[13]

Boulevard Émile Jacqmain

Connecting the Place de Brouckère to the Boulevard du Jardin Botanique and the Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang, the Boulevard Émile Jacqmain forms the western branch of the fork that marks the northern end of the Central Boulevards. Sumptuous in its time, the former Шаблон:Lang/Шаблон:Lang (because it follows the course of the river)Шаблон:Sfn was bordered by apartment buildings, commercial buildings, luxury hotels, town houses, and some bourgeois dwellings, which have now mostly been replaced by offices. Eclectic styles dominate with a good representation of the Second Empire. Functionalism and Art Deco are also represented by some buildings typical of the interwar period.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Map of Suys' proposal. City Archives of Brussels: p.p. 1.169
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Central_Boulevards_of_Brussels&oldid=13828960