Английская Википедия:Central England temperature
The Central England Temperature (CET) record is a meteorological dataset originally published by Professor Gordon Manley in 1953 and subsequently extended and updated in 1974, following many decades of painstaking work. The monthly mean surface air temperatures, for the Midlands region of England, are given (in degrees Celsius) from the year 1659 to the present.
This record represents the longest series of monthly temperature observations in existence. It is a valuable dataset for meteorologists and climate scientists. It is monthly from 1659, and a daily version has been produced from 1772. The monthly means from November 1722 onwards are given to a precision of 0.1 °C. The earliest years of the series, from 1659 to October 1722 inclusive, for the most part only have monthly means given to the nearest degree or half a degree, though there is a small 'window' of 0.1 degree precision from 1699 to 1706 inclusive. This reflects the number, accuracy, reliability and geographical spread of the temperature records that were available for the years in question.
Data quality
Although best efforts have been made by Manley and subsequent researchers to quality control the series, there are data problems in the early years, with some non-instrumental data used. These problems account for the lower precision to which the early monthly means were quoted by Manley. Parker et al. (1992)[1] addressed this by not using data prior to 1772, since their daily series required more accurate data than did the original series of monthly means. Before 1722, instrumental records do not overlap and Manley used a non-instrumental series from Utrecht compiled by Labrijn (1945), to make the monthly central England temperature (CET) series complete.
For a period early in the 21st century there were two versions of the series: the "official" version maintained by the Hadley Centre in Exeter, and a version that was maintained by the late Philip Eden which he argued was more consistent with the series as originally compiled by Manley.[2]
The warmest year on record was recorded in 2022, with an average temperature of 11.15 degrees Celsius. This beat the previous 2014 record by 0.2 degrees and was almost 2 degrees over the 1961-1990 average
Trends revealed by the series
Шаблон:Multiple image During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, a cool period which coincided with cool winters and generally cool summers, the temperatures fluctuated widely but with little trend. From 1910, temperatures increased until about 1950, when they flattened before a sharp rising trend began in about 1975. The warmest decade on record is the 2010s (2011–2020) with a mean temperature of Шаблон:Convert.[3]Шаблон:Efn
Both the general warming trend[4] and the hottest year on record at the time, 2014,[5] have been attributed to human-caused climate change using observational and climate model-based techniques. This record was subsequently broken in 2022, when a mean CET of 11.15 C was recorded, 1.68 degrees above the 1961-90 average and breaking the 2014 record by nearly 0.2 Celsius.
Extremes
Taking the 364-year period for the series as a whole:
Hottest
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 2022, 2023[6][7] |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 2011, 2017 |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 1976 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 2015/2016 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1916 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 1779 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1957 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 2011 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1833 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 1846 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1995 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 2001 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1994 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 2015 |
Coldest
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 1740 |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 1837 |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 1725 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 1676, 1740, 1786 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 1683/1684 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1795 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 1947 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1674 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 1701 and 1837 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1698 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 1675 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 1816 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1912 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 1674, 1675, 1694 and 1807 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1740 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1782 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 1890 |
Mean, maximum and minimum temperatures
Since 1878, the Central England temperature has recorded daily maximum and minimum temperatures; its daily mean records began in 1772. The tables below show the record average max/min for each season and each calendar month since 1878.
Highest minimum
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 2006[8] |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 1999[9] |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 2003 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 1934/35 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1916 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 1903 and 1926 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1957 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 2011 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1889 and 1952 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 2017 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 1983 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1997 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 2001 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1994 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 2015 |
Lowest minimum
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 1879[8] |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 1887[9] |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 1922 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 1919 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 1962/63 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1963 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 1895 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1883 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 2021 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1885 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 1916 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 1919 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1885 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 1986 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1919 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1915 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 2010 |
Highest maximum
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 2003[10] |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 1893[11] |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 1976 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 2015/16 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1916 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 2019 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1938 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 2011 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1992 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 1976/2023 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 2006 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1995 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 2023 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1921 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1994 and 2011 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 2015 |
Lowest maximum
| Period | Record Mean | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Year | Шаблон:Convert | 1879[10] |
| Spring (March–May) | Шаблон:Convert | 1879[11] |
| Summer (June–August) | Шаблон:Convert | 1879 |
| Autumn (September–November) | Шаблон:Convert | 1887 |
| Winter (December–February) | Шаблон:Convert | 1962/63 |
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1963 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 1947 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 2013 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 1879 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 1902 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 1909 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 1879 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 1912 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 1952 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1896 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 1919 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 1890 |
Daily records
Daily mean temperatures have been available since 1772, with max and min data available from 1878 onward. [12]
Highest mean
| Period[13] | Record Mean | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Jan 2022 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 4 Feb 2004 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 30 Mar 2017[14] |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Apr 1775 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 29 May 1780 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 3 Jun 1947 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 19 Jul 2022 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 12 Aug 2020 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 7 Sep 2023 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Oct 1985 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Nov 1938 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 19 Dec 2015 |
Highest minimum
| Period[15] | Record | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Jan 2022 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 4 Feb 2004 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 30 Mar 1998 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 24 Apr 2007 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 30 May 1944 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 22 Jun 1941 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 20 Jul 2016 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 11 Aug 1997 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Sep 1949 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 3 Oct 2011 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 22 Nov 1947 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 31 Dec 2021 |
Highest maximum
| Period[16] | Record Maximum | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Jan 2022 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 26 Feb 2019 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Mar 1965 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 16 Apr 2003 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 29 May 1944 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Jun 2019 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 19 Jul 2022 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 3 Aug 1990 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Sep 1906 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Oct 2011 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 4 Nov 1946 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 23 Dec 1977 |
Lowest mean
| Period | Record Mean | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 20 Jan 1838 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 9 Feb 1816 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 13 Mar 1845 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 3 Apr 1799 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 8 May 1861 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 9 Jun 1816 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 20 Jul 1836 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 26 Aug 1864 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 28 Sep 1824 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Oct 1895 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 24 Nov 1904 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 25 Dec 1796 |
Lowest minimum
| Period | Record Minimum | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 21 Jan 1940 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 24 Feb 1947 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Mar 1909 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 2 Apr 1917 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 4 May 1941 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Jun 1991 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 4 Jul 1965 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 31 Aug 1921 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Sep 1919 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 27 Oct 1931 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 24 Nov 1904 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 13 Dec 1981 |
Lowest maximum
| Period | Record | Date |
|---|---|---|
| January | Шаблон:Convert | 12 Jan 1987 |
| February | Шаблон:Convert | 6 Feb 1895 |
| March | Шаблон:Convert | 1 Mar 2018 |
| April | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Apr 1911 |
| May | Шаблон:Convert | 3 May 1892 |
| June | Шаблон:Convert | 8 Jun 1897 |
| July | Шаблон:Convert | 5 Jul 1920 |
| August | Шаблон:Convert | 16 Aug 1888 |
| September | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Sep 1918 |
| October | Шаблон:Convert | 31 Oct 1934 |
| November | Шаблон:Convert | 28 Nov 2010 |
| December | Шаблон:Convert | 29 Dec 1908 |
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Parker, D. E., T. P. Legg, and C. K. Folland, 1992: A new daily Central England Temperature Series, 1772-1991. Int J Climatol, 12, 317-342. [1]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Further reading
- G. Manley, "Central England temperatures: monthly means 1659 to 1973.", Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol. 100, pp. 389–405 (1974).
- D.E. Parker, T.P. Legg and C. Folland, "A new daily Central England Temperature series 1772–1991," Int. J. Climatol., vol. 12, pp. 317–342 (1992).
- Graphs of the series at the University of East Anglia
- Freely downloadable text file containing the data.
- Met Office Hadley Centre CET pages
