Английская Википедия:Central Kalimantan
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox settlement Central Kalimantan (Шаблон:Lang-id) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. It is bordered by West Kalimantan to the west, South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan to the east, Java Sea to the south and is separated narrowly from North Kalimantan and Malaysia by East Kalimantan's Mahakam Ulu Regency. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million,[1] while the 2020 Census showed a total of almost 2.67 million;[2] the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 2,741,075 (comprising 1,420,900 males and 1,320,200 females).[3]
The population growth rate was almost 3.0% per annum between 1990 and 2000, one of the highest provincial growth rates in Indonesia during that time; in the subsequent decade to 2010 the average annual growth rate slowed markedly to around 1.8%, but it rose again in the decade beginning 2010. More than is the case in other province in the region, Central Kalimantan is populated by the Dayaks, the indigenous inhabitants of Borneo.
History
Since the eighteenth century the central region of Kalimantan and its Dayak inhabitants were ruled by the Muslim Sultanate of Banjar. Following Indonesian independence after World War II, Dayak tribes demanded a province separate from South Kalimantan province.[4]
In 1957 South Kalimantan was divided to provide the Dayak population with greater autonomy from the Muslim population in the province. The change was approved by the Indonesian Government on 23 May 1957 under Presidential Law No. 10 Year 1957, which declared Central Kalimantan the seventeenth province of Indonesia. President Sukarno appointed the Dayak-born national hero Tjilik Riwut as the first Governor and Palangkaraya the provincial capital.[5]
Geography
Central Kalimantan is the largest Indonesian province by area (Papua held this position until the 2022 partition) with a size of Шаблон:Cvt, about 1.5 times the size of the island of Java and it is slightly larger than Bangladesh or the U.S. state of Illinois. It is bordered by West Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces to the north, by the Java Sea to the south, by South Kalimantan and East Kalimantan provinces to the east, and by West Kalimantan province to west.
The Schwaner Mountains stretch from the north-east of the province to the south-west, 80% of which is covered in dense forest, peatland swamps, mangroves, rivers and traditional agriculture land. Highland areas in the north-east are remote and not easily accessible. Non-volcanic mounts are scattered in this area including Kengkabang, Samiajang, Liang Pahang and Ulu Gedang.
The centre of the province is covered with tropical forest, which produces rattan, resin and valuable timber such as Ulin and Meranti. The southern lowlands are dominated by peatland swamps that intersect with many rivers. Sabangau National Park is a protected peatland area internationally acknowledged as sanctuary for the endangered Orangutan. Recently the peat swamp forests have been damaged by the Mega Rice Project, which unsuccessfully sought to turn large areas into rice paddies.
The province's climate is wet weather equatorial zone with an eight-month rainy season, and 4 months of dry season. Rainfall or precipitation is 2,776—3,393 mm per year with an average of 145 rainy days annually.Шаблон:Citation needed
Rivers
Central Kalimantan has numerous rivers from the catchment areas to the north in the Schwaner Mountains, flowing to the Java Sea. The major rivers include:
- Barito River (900 km)
- Kapuas River (600 km)
- Kahayan River (600 km)
- Katingan River (600 km)
- Mentaya (Sampit) River (400 km)
- Seruyan River (350 km)
- Lamandau River (300 km)
- Arut River (250 km)
- Sabangau River (200 km)
- Kumai River (179 km)
- Jelai River (100 km)
Rivers are an important mode of transportation and a primary location for settlement. With relatively undeveloped infrastructure, the province's economy relies heavily on the rivers.Шаблон:Citation needed
Ecology
Based upon the research of the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Central Kalimantan has approximately 10 different ecological regions and is dominated by two main ecological regions. Those two are peat ecological region which covered 26% of the total area of Central Kalimantan and the fluvial plain ecoregion which covered 21% of the whole area of Central Kalimantan.[6] Due to its high concentration of peat ecological region, Central Kalimantan is prone to drought and peat fires during the dry season and inundation during the rainy season within each episodes of the ENSO and the IOD. These situations worsen because of massive deforestation in the region and climate change.
Central Kalimantan is also home for many endemic floras and faunas like orangutans, proboscis monkeys, hornbill birds, rattan, Bornean iron wood, etc. This province currently has three national parks i.e. Sabangau National Park, Tanjung Puting National Park, and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park which are home to the endemic floras and faunas of Kalimantan.[6]
Administrative divisions
Central Kalimantan Province, when separated from South Kalimantan in 1958, comprised three regencies (kabupaten) - Barito, Kapuas and Kotawaringin. However on 26 June 1959 two of these were split - Barito Regency was divided into a South Barito Regency and a North Barito Regency, while Kotawaringin Regency was divided into a West Kotawaringin Regency and an East Kotawaringin Regency. On 14 June 1965 the provincial capital of Palangka Raya was split off from Kapuas Regency to form an independent city (kotamadya).
On 10 April 2002 an additional eight regencies were created by splitting existing regencies - East Barito from part of South Barito Regency, Murung Raya from part of North Barito Regency, Gunung Mas and Pulang Pisau from parts of Kapuas Regency, Lamandau and Sukamara from parts of West Kotawaringin Regency, and Katingan and Seruyan from parts of East Kotawaringin Regency. Thus the province now is administratively divided into thirteen regencies (each headed by a regent) and the single city. These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010[1] and 2020[2] Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2022.[3]
In addition to the civil service, Central Kalimantan also recognises a traditional governing system led by traditional leaders known as Damang. The province is divided into 67 traditional law areas known as Kedamangan, headed by Damang. The system is intended to culturally recognise and preserve the customs and heritage of the Dayak tribes.[8]
Railroads
Шаблон:Outdated section A Russian company had been contracted to build railroads from Central Kalimantan to East Kalimantan for coal transportation, with an estimated cost of US$2.4 billion, that was expected to start in 2013 and be completed by 2017.[9]
Demographics
Population
Шаблон:Historical populations The total population of Central Kalimantan was 2,669,969 people based upon the national census in 2020. The sex ratio of this province is 108 which means there are 108 males to every 100 females. The population density of Central Kalimantan is only 17 people/km²[10]
Religion
Шаблон:Pie chart According to the Statistics on 2021, the largest religious group in Central Kalimantan province is Islam with more than 74% of its total population. Then, the second largest group is Christianity with more than 19% of its total population. The rest of the population adhere to the local belief of Kaharingan, Hinduism, and Buddhism with more than 5%.[11][12][13]
- Religious Buildings in Central Kalimantan
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Darussalam Grand Mosque in Palangka Raya
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Balai Basarah Induk Intan in Muara Teweh (Kaharingan temple)
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Kalimantan Evangelical Church in East Barito
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Buddhist temple with Chinese architecture in Palangka Raya
Ethnic groups
Шаблон:Pie chart Central Kalimantan is predominantly inhabited by the Dayak people that would further be divided into three major Dayak sub-ethnics. The three major Dayak tribes in Central Kalimantan are the Ngaju, Ot Danum and Dusun Ma'anyan Ot Siang. The three major tribes extended into several branches of prominent Dayak tribes in Central Kalimantan such as Lawangan, Taboyan, Dusun Siang, Boyan, Bantian, Dohoi and Kadori.
In addition to the indigenous Dayak tribes, there are also ethnic groups from other areas of Indonesia, including Malays, Javanese, Madurese, Batak, Toraja, Ambonese, Bugis, Palembang, Minang, Banjarese, Makassar, Papuan, Balinese, Acehnese and also Chinese.
| Ethnic group | Islam | Christian | Hindu | Other | % of population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Banjarese | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 24.6% |
| Javanese | 96% | 4% | 0% | 0% | 18.8% |
| Ngaju Dayak | 43% | 44% | 13% | 0% | 18.0% |
| Sampit Dayak | 82% | 9% | 9% | 0% | 9.6% |
| Bakumpai | 99% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 7.5% |
| Madurese | 100% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 3.5% |
| Katingan Dayak | 37% | 22% | 32% | 9% | 3.3% |
| Maanyan | 4% | 86% | 9% | 1% | 2.8% |
| Tomun Dayak | 18% | 56% | 17% | 2% | 2.2% |
| Sundanese | 99% | 1% | 0% | 0% | 1.4% |
| Dusun Dayak | 9% | 29% | 63% | 0% | 1.1% |
| Siang Dayak | 6% | 40% | 48% | 4% | 0.9% |
| Manyan Dayak | 20% | 70% | 10% | 0% | 0.7% |
| Ot Danum | 10% | 51% | 38% | 0% | 0.6% |
| Other non-Dayak | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1.3% |
| Other Dayak | NA | NA | NA | NA | 5.0% |
Culture
Traditional music
The most well-known traditional musical instrument from Central Kalimantan is Japen, Garantung, and Gandang Manca which are traditional Dayak musical instruments. These musical instruments are usually played during traditional procession or ritual.[15][16]
Japen or Kecapi is a lute-like instrument that is honored by Dayak people. This traditional musical instrument is usually played as an accompaniment for Central Kalimantan traditional music such as Karungut recitation, a Dayak oral literature in the form of musicalized rhyme scheme. Japen is mainly made of wood and nylon rope for its strings.[17][18]
Garantung is a percussion instrument that is fairly similar with kempul in gamelan. It is a type of hanging gong that is normally played ensembly with Gandang Manca or Gandang Kembar. Gandang Manca itself is a two-headed drum of Dayak traditional musical instrument that is mainly made of wood for the body of the drum and leather membranes to cover the cavity at both ends that are tied by rattan rope.[16] Both Garantung and Gandang Manca are commonly played ensembly as an accompaniment for Dayak traditional processions and rituals.[19]
Traditional architecture
The most notable fine arts of Dayak people is the traditional house. The traditional house of Dayak people in Central Kalimantan is commonly called Huma Betang. Huma Betang or simply called Betang like many other traditional houses in Indonesia is built on stilts. This traditional house structure is mainly made of iron wood which is commonly anti-termite and resistant to high humidity, thus the house can stand up to hundreds of years. Huma Betang is very well-known for its huge and long size. The length of this house structure is usually between 30 and 150 metres, the width is somewhere between 5 and 30 metres, and the height is approximately 3 to 6 metres. Due to its huge and long size, this house can be occupied by up to 150 people and usually inhabited by one big family.[20]
- Huma Betang Structures
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A Huma Betang in Sei Pasah Village, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan
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A Huma Betang in Lewu Hante Museum, East Barito, Central Kalimantan
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A Huma Betang with Sapundu sculpture at the front of the house in West Kotawaringin, Central Kalimantan
Traditional carving
Central Kalimantan is well-known for its unique traditional carving. The three most famous carving from this province are the three dimensional wood carving sculpture of Sapundu and the traditional weapons i.e. Mandau and Talawang.
Sapundu sculpture is a three dimensional wood carving in the form of humanoid statue. This sculpture is commonly adorned with decorative motifs or even colors. Sapundu sculpture is mainly made of Bornean iron wood and usually presents during Tiwah procession. In ancient times, Sapundu sculpture symbolized the social status of its owner and was believed to possess magical powers.[21]
Mandau and Talawang are the main traditional weapon of Dayak people in Central Kalimantan. Mandau is a type of sword with single edge blade i.e. one side is convex and the other side is concave. Mandau consists of three different parts, those parts are Bilah or the blade that made of Mantikei iron plate with sharp edge and 70 cm long, Pulang Gagang or the hilt that usually made of wood, deer's horns, or even human bones, and Sarung or the sheath which cover the blade that typically made of wood and usually covered with bracelet-shaped bone on the upper part and wrapped by rattan rope.[22]
Talawang is a shield that mainly made of Bornean iron wood that carved with certain motifs and adorned with some bright colors. In ancient times, this weapon was used as a protection against wild animals and enemy's arrows and sword slashes. However, the function currently shifts to become a decorative ornament of Kaharingan temples, public buildings, or even people's houses mostly in Central Kalimantan.[23]
Traditional dance
Central Kalimantan is home for various sub-ethnics of Dayak tribe. Each of those Dayak sub-ethnics live spread out across all regencies in Central Kalimantan. This makes every regency have their own unique traditional dances. These are some of the traditional dances from Central Kalimantan:[24]
- Kinyah Mandau Hatue Dance, originating from Kapuas Regency and depicting theatrical war and martial arts of Dayak tribes in ancient time.[25]
- Giring-Giring Dance, coming from East Barito Regency and usually performed in group of 6 to 10 people.[26]
- Walian Dadas Dance, originating from South Barito Regency and used to be performed as a way to heal a region from negativity.[27]
- Babukung Dance, originally from Lamandau Regency and performed during funeral especially among Dayak Tomun people.[28]
- Tambun Bungai Dance, originating from Palangka Raya city and depicting heroic action of Tambung and Bungai protecting the territory from enemy who tried to loot people's crops.[29]
See also
References
External links
- Шаблон:Official website Шаблон:In lang
- Official statistics for the province provided by Statistics Indonesia may be accessed (in Indonesian) at BPS-Statistics of Kalimantan Tengah Province.
Шаблон:Kalimantan Tengah Шаблон:Provinces of Indonesia Шаблон:Borneo Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.62)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citeweb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокKalTengне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Citeweb
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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