Английская Википедия:Central Scots

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Refimprove Шаблон:Scots language Central Scots is a group of dialects of Scots.

Central Scots is spoken from Fife and Perthshire to the Lothians and Wigtownshire, often split into North East Central Scots (Northeast Mid Scots) and South East Central Scots (Southeast Mid Scots), West Central Scots (West Mid Scots) and South West Central Scots (Southwest Mid Scots).

Like other varieties of Scots, Central Scots has been undergoing a process of language attrition, whereby successive generations of speakers have adopted more and more features from Standard English. By the end of the twentieth century Scots was at an advanced stage of language death over much of Lowland Scotland.

Phonology

Consonants

Most consonants are usually pronounced much as in English but:

• ch is traditionally realised Шаблон:IPA in, for example, Шаблон:Lang (bought), Шаблон:Lang (cough), Шаблон:Lang (daughter), Шаблон:Lang (fought), Шаблон:Lang (sought) and Шаблон:Lang (trough).
• ld and nd elision to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA occurs in all Central Scots dialects but in the Lothians ‘’ld’’ only simplifies to ‘’l’’ finally where the next word begins with a consonant.
• ng: is always Шаблон:IPA.
• nch: usually Шаблон:IPA. Шаблон:Lang (branch), Шаблон:Lang (push), etc.
• r: Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA is pronounced in all positions, i.e. with rhoticity.
• t: may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final.
• wh: usually Шаблон:IPA, older Шаблон:IPA.

Vowels

Vowel length is usually conditioned by the Scottish Vowel Length Rule (SVLR).

• a (vowel 17) is usually Шаблон:IPA but to the north and east Шаблон:IPA also occurs. Note final a (vowel 12) in awa (away), twa (two) and wha (who) is usually realised Шаблон:IPA South of the Forth, often written awae, twae and whae in dialect writing.
• aw and au (vowel 12) is usually Шаблон:IPA in the East and parts of Perthshire or Шаблон:IPA in the West to West Lothian, however, Шаблон:IPA is spreading eastwards, for example aw (all), cauld (cold), braw (fine, pleasant), faw (fall) and snaw (snow).
• ai, ay and a (consonant)e, ae (vowel 4 or 8) are usually realised Шаблон:IPA, for example baith (both), braid (broad), cake, claes (clothes), grape (grope), kail (cole), laid (load), laif (loaf), made, raip (rope), saip (soap), spae (foretell). South of the Forth the initial realisation is often Шаблон:IPA, for example acre, aik (oak), aits, (oats), ale, ane (one) and ance (once) often written yicker, yick, yits, yill, yin and yince in dialect writing. Where that occurs, ae (one-before nouns) is realised Шаблон:IPA, often written yae in dialect writing.
• e (vowel 16) is usually realised Шаблон:IPA, for example bed, het (heated), yett (gate), etc.
• ea, ei (vowel 3), has generally merged with Шаблон:IPA (vowel 2) or Шаблон:IPA (vowel 4 or 8) depending on dialect. With Шаблон:IPA prevailing in the south east and west and Шаблон:IPA prevailing in the north east of the dialect area. Before Шаблон:IPA, Шаблон:IPA may occur. For example deid (dead), heid (head), meat (food), clear etc.
• ee (vowels 2 and 11), e (Consonant)e (vowel 2). Occasionally ei and ie with ei generally before ch (Шаблон:IPA), but also in a few other words, and ie generally occurring before l and v. The realisation is generally Шаблон:IPA e.g. dree (endure), ee (eye), een (eyes), flee (fly), here, lee (lie, fib), see, speir (enquire), steek (shut), thee (thigh) and tree etc. The digraph ea also occurs in a few words such as lea and sea.
• eu (vowel 7 before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA see ui) is usually realised Шаблон:IPA in the west and Fife, and Шаблон:IPA in the south west and south of the Forth, for example beuk (book), eneuch (enough), ceuk (cook), leuk (look) and teuk (took).
• o (vowel 18): Шаблон:IPA has merged with vowel 5 (Шаблон:IPA) throughout much of the dialect area, often spelled phonetically oa in dialect spellings such as Шаблон:Lang (box), Шаблон:Lang (corn), Goad (God) Шаблон:Lang (job) and Шаблон:Lang (on) etc.
• oa (vowel 5) is usually Шаблон:IPA.
• ou the general literary spelling of vowel 6, also u (consonant)e in some words, is realised Шаблон:IPA, often represented by oo, a 19th-century borrowing from Standard English. e.g. cou (cow), broun (brown), hoose (house), moose (mouse) etc.
• ow, owe (root final), (vowel 13) is usually Шаблон:IPA in bowe (bow), howe (hollow), knowe (knoll), cowp (overturn), yowe (ewe), etc. Vocalisation to Шаблон:IPA often occurs before Шаблон:IPA, for example bowk (retch), howk (dig) often written boak and hoak in dialect writing.
• ui, the usual literary spelling of vowel 7 (except before Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA see eu). The older realisation Шаблон:IPA may still occur in Perthshire and Шаблон:IPA in Parts of Fife otherwise, as is the norm elsewhere, vowel 7 merges with vowel 15 (Шаблон:IPA) in SVLR short environments and vowel 8 (Шаблон:IPA) in long environments, e.g. buird (board), buit (boot), cuit (ankle), fluir (floor), guid (good), schuil (school), etc. Note that Шаблон:Lang v. and Шаблон:Lang n. (use) are Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA. The realisation Шаблон:IPA is often written ai in dialect writing, e.g. flair for fluir (floor), shair for shuir (sure), Шаблон:Lang for Шаблон:Lang (use v.) and yiss for Шаблон:Lang (use n.).

See also

• Glasgow patter
• Berwick-upon-Tweed#Berwick dialect