Английская Википедия:Central northeastern Portuguese
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Unreferenced
The central northeastern dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (Шаблон:Lang-pt) is a dialect spoken in the central part of the Northeast Region, Brazil, in all the states of Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Alagoas and Sergipe, much of the state of Pernambuco (except for the Zona da Mata and the Recife metropolitan area), north of Bahia, south of Ceará, southeastern of Piauí and a few regions of Maranhão. It has roughly about 53,000,000 native speakers and varies within the region. This dialect shares similarities between north coast, Baiano and Recifense dialects.
Main features
- Predominant use of voiced (d) and voiceless (t) dental stops before close front unrounded vowel (i) even in final syllables "de" and "te", like presente Шаблон:IPA ("present") and diário Шаблон:IPA ("daily").
- Palatalization predominant (but not always recurring) of fricatives Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA before voiceless (Шаблон:IPA) and voiced (Шаблон:IPA) alveolar stops, and also, but less often, before the denti-alveolar lateral approximant (Шаблон:IPA) and the denti-alveolar nasal (Шаблон:IPA), like poste Шаблон:IPA ("post"), desde Шаблон:IPA ("from", "since"), os navios Шаблон:IPA ('the ships"), and dois lados Шаблон:IPA ("two sides").
- Debuccalization of syllable-final Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA in colloquial speech (in a number of words and with varying frequency according to the place) to the glottal fricatives [h] and [ɦ] (when in the end of words, this only happens if there's another word following it, but if it doesn't, the pronunciations of these consonants are the standard ones), like mesmo Шаблон:IPA ("same") and eu fiz tudo Шаблон:IPA (being more common Шаблон:IPA).
- Debuccalization of the letter "v" (normally pronounced as Шаблон:IPA) in colloquial speech to the voiced glottal fricative Шаблон:IPA, in some of the verbal forms (those starting with "v") of the verbs "Ir" ("to go"), "Vir" ("to come") and "Ver" ("to see"), like Vamo? Шаблон:IPA or Шаблон:IPA ("Let's go?"), Tu vem? Шаблон:IPA ("Are you coming?") and Vai te embora! Шаблон:IPA ("(You) Go away!").
- In "des", "dis", "tes" or "tis" syllables, there are voiced alveolar sibilant affricate (Шаблон:IPA) and voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate (Шаблон:IPA): idades Шаблон:IPA ("ages", "years") and partes Шаблон:IPA ("parts").
- Voiced glottal fricative (Шаблон:IPA) and voiceless glottal fricative (Шаблон:IPA) are present in the sound of the letter "r" (the first between syllables, but never with an "r" starting a non-initial syllable alone, because these do Шаблон:IPAШаблон:IPA, and the second at the beginning of words or digraph "rr"). None of the two phonemes occur at the end of words. Examples: corda Шаблон:IPA ("rope"), rabo Шаблон:IPA ("tail" - also locally in Brazilian Northeast "buttocks") and barragem Шаблон:IPA ("dam"), querer Шаблон:IPA ("to want").
- Opening of the pre-tonic vowels Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA to Шаблон:IPA and Шаблон:IPA most of these syllables with vowels: rebolar Шаблон:IPA ("throw away").
IPA for Central northeastern Portuguese
This key also serves, for the most part, to the north coast and recifense dialects. But the dialects cited here do not have the phoneme /d͡z/ and /t͡s/, characteristic of the central northeastern dialect. Recifense dialect usually palatalizes fricatives in any syllabic consonant meeting (including the end of words) and not only before /d/ and /t/. Moreover, in certain regions of southeastern of Piauí and Maranhão west coast also a greater or lesser palatalization of fricatives may occur under the influence of Amazonian dialects (northern and Amazon Plateau), and even the absence of such palatalization. That is, in some areas the sound is alveolar (/s/ and /z/), and in others postalveolar /ʃ/ and /ʒ/. In north coast dialect, also virtually no dental stops before /i/, /j/ or /ĩ/, and in its place they use postalveolar affricates (/d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/). In contrast, the central northeastern dialect has almost exclusive predominance of dental stops before /i/, /j/ or /ĩ/. And the postalveolar affricates are used only in the following cases: in words of foreign origin in the Portuguese language, especially English; in words denoting slang and regionalisms; and phonemes are present in the standard variety of Brazilian Portuguese, are also often in television media to replace the dental stops (though never in common parlance).
Consonants
| IPA | Graphemes | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| b | b | bucho [ˈbuʃu], bloco [ˈblɔku], bruto [ˈbɾutu] | best |
| d | d | dar [ˈda], depósito [dɛˈpɔzitu] | down |
| d 1 | d | dia [ˈdiɐ], açude [aˈsudi] | dear, dream |
| d͡z 2 | des, dis | idades [iˈdad͡z] | roughly like: minds |
| f | f | feio [ˈfeju] | family |
| g | g, gu | galinha [ɡaˈlĩȷ̃ɐ], guisado [ɡiˈzadu] | get |
| ɦ 3 | r | rei [ˈɦej], corda [ˈkɔɦdɐ], marmota [maɦˈmɔtɐ] | behind |
| h 4 | r, rr | arte [ˈahti], cartão [kahˈtɐ̃w] | hot, high |
| ʒ 5 | g, j, s, z | jumento [ʒuˈmẽtu], gente [ˈʒẽti], desde [ˈdeʒdi] | rouge |
| k | c, qu | caju [kaˈʒu], querer [keˈɾe] | keep, call |
| l | l | lombo [ˈlõbu] | let |
| ɫ 7 | l | ligar [ɫiˈɡa], lindo [ˈɫĩdu] | feeling |
| ʎ | lh, li | filho [ˈfiʎu], família [fɐˈmiʎɐ] | roughly like: million |
| m | m | macho [ˈmaʃu] | environment |
| n | n | neto [ˈnɛtu] | sonic |
| ɲ ~ ȷ̃ | nh, ni | farinha [faˈɾĩȷ̃ɐ], alumínio [aluˈmĩɲu] | roughly like: canyon |
| p | p | poço [ˈposu] | peace |
| ɾ | r | arengar [aɾẽˈɡa], comprar [kõˈpɾa] | ladder in American English |
| s | c, ç, s, xc, z | sebo [ˈsebu], pensa [ˈpẽsɐ], caça [ˈkasɐ], exceção [ɛsɛˈsɐ̃w̃], cearense [sɪaˈɾẽsi], rapaz [haˈpajs] | sale |
| t | t | tamanco [tɐˈmɐ̃ku], terra [ˈtɛɦɐ] | time |
| t 1 | t | tia [ˈtiɐ], noite [ˈnojti] | team |
| t͡s 2 | tes, tis | artes [ˈaht͡s] | roughly like: saints |
| ʃ 8 | ch, s, x, z | caixote [ka[j]ˈʃɔti], chave [ˈʃavi], abestado [abeʃˈtadu] | shop |
| z | z | zangado [zɐ̃ˈɡadu] | zero |
- 1After the vowels /i/ or /ĩ/ and semivowel /j/.
- 2Used in plural words ending in "des", "dis", "tes" and "tis".
- 3Between the end and the beginning of syllables.
- 4At the beginning of words and the digraph "rr".
- 5Also in palatalization of /z/ before /d/.
- 6Phonetic junction between /k/ and /s/.
- 7Allophone of /l/ before /i/ and /ĩ/.
- 8Also in palatalization of /s/ before /t/.
Marginal phonemes
| IPA | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|
| dʒ 1 | jeans [ˈd͡ʒĩs], diabo [ˈd͡ʒabu], tédio [ˈtɛd͡ʒu] | change |
| tʃ 1 | tchau [ˈt͡ʃaw], capuccino [kapuˈt͡ʃĩnu], moléstia [mʊˈlɛʃt͡ʃa] | cheese |
- 1 Only in words of foreign origin in the Portuguese language, in words denoting slang, regionalisms and optionally the grapheme "di" and "ti" that are in post-tonic syllables with rising diphthongs (and never in all locations, depending on local state changes to state where it is spoken dialect), and phonemes are present in the standard variety of Brazilian Portuguese, are also often in television media to replace the dental stops (though never in common parlance).
Vowels and semivowels
| IPA | Graphemes | Examples | English approximation |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | a | arroz [aˈhojs] | car (GA) or time |
| ɐ | a | cama [ˈkɐ̃mɐ] | nut |
| ɐ̃ | a, am, an, ã | manhã [mɐˈj̃ɐ̃], arrumação [ahumaˈsɐ̃w], dança [ˈdɐ̃sɐ], bamba [ˈbɐ̃bɐ] | nasal /ɐ/ |
| e | e, ê | loteria [loteˈɾiɐ], glacê [ɡlaˈse] | says |
| ɛ | e, é | serra [ˈsɛhɐ], pé [ˈpɛ] | set |
| ẽ | e, em, en | pente [ˈpẽ(j)ti], exemplo [eˈzẽplu], energia [ẽnɛɦˈʒiɐ] | nasal /e/ |
| i | e, i | repentista [hɛpẽ(j̃)ˈtiʃtɐ], país [paˈiz], tarde [ˈtaɦdi] | emission or see |
| ɪ 1 | e | segunda [sɪˈɡũdɐ], escola [ɪsˈkɔlɐ], menino [mɪˈnĩnu] | big |
| ĩ | i, im, in | cinto [ˈsĩtu], vinho [ˈvĩɲu] | nasal /i/ |
| o | o, ô | rolinha [hoˈlĩɲɐ], sopro [ˈsopɾu], vô [ˈvo] | sole |
| ɔ | o, ó | rebolar [hɛbɔˈla] | ball or lot |
| õ | om, on, õ | arrombado [ahõˈbadu], cone [ˈkõni] | nasal /o/ |
| u | u, ú | jurubeba [ʒuɾuˈbɛbɐ], juá [ʒuˈa], | food |
| ʊ 1 | o | botão [bʊˈtɐ̃w̃], boneco [bʊˈnɛku] | good |
| ũ | um, un | lundu [lũˈdu], mussum [muˈsũ] | nasal /u/ |
| j | i, nh | jeito [ˈʒejtu], série [ˈsɛɾji] | you or boy |
| w | l, u | pau [ˈpaw], alto [ˈawtu], guarda [ˈɡwaɦdɐ], quase [ˈkwazi] | want or low |
- 1Substitution for unstressed vowels /e/ and /o/.
References
