Английская Википедия:Cephalotes
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Automatic taxobox
Cephalotes is a genus of tree-dwelling ant species from the Americas, commonly known as turtle ants. All appear to be gliding ants, with the ability to "parachute" and steer their fall so as to land back on the tree trunk rather than fall to the ground, which is often flooded.[1][2]
Ecological specialization and evolution of a soldier caste
One of the most important aspects of the genus' social evolution and adaptation is the manner in which their social organization has been shaped by environmental pressures.[3] This is particularly true of the species Cephalotes rohweri, in which an entire soldier class has evolved as a result of highly specialized nest cavity availability.[4]
Because ants within Cephalotes use multiple carved nesting cavities found in the trees upon which they live, a cohort of morphologically specialized soldiers has evolved to defend these nesting cavities. They use their unique plate-like heads to block the entrances to the nests, essentially creating a living door to the nest cavities.[4]
In one particular study, Scott Powell tested the hypothesis that "specialized use of cavities with entrances close to the area of one ant head has selected for a morphologically and behaviorally specialized soldier in Cephalotes." This was accomplished by performing comparative studies between four Cephalotes species, each representing one of the four character states of soldier evolution.[4] Cephalotes was ideal for the study because it is the only genus to contain extant species displaying four levels of major morphological evolution.[4] These character states are:
- No soldier present (ancestral)
- Soldiers present with simple domed head
- Soldiers present with incomplete head-disk
- Soldiers present with complete head disk (most advanced)
Another study by Powell examined the process by which environmental factors shape colonial castes within the worker class. However, this study focused more on how colonies adapt their caste systems to ecological factors in their environment.[5]
For the experiment, a species of the genus Cephalotes was used that displayed the highest level of soldier specialization. Three key findings regarding adaptive caste specialization were supported:
- Soldiers were best at defending the specific nesting resource found in nature.
- Colonies used only certain nests (out of all the available nests), and selected only the nesting sites that would maximize soldier performance.
- Soldier performance and limitations had both direct and indirect effects on colony reproduction.[5]
The results of this experiment support the concept that the most specialized soldier phenotype in Cephalotes is a result of adaptation to ecological specialization within a narrow subset of available nests.[5]
Species
- Cephalotes adolphi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes alfaroi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes angustus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes argentatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes argentiventris Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes atratus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes auriger Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes basalis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes betoi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes biguttatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes bimaculatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes bivestitus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes bohlsi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes borgmeieri Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes bruchi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes chacmul Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes christopherseni Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes clypeatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes coffeae Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes columbicus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes complanatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes conspersus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes cordatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes cordiae Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes cordiventris Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes crenaticeps Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes cristatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes curvistriatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes decolor Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes decoloratus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes dentidorsum Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes depressus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes dorbignyanus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes duckei Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes ecuadorialis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes eduarduli Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes emeryi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes fiebrigi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes flavigaster Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes foliaceus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes fossithorax Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes frigidus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes gabicamacho Шаблон:Small[6]
- Cephalotes goeldii Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes goniodontes Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes grandinosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes guayaki Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes haemorrhoidalis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes hamulus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes hirsutus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes inaequalis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes inca Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes incertus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes insularis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes jamaicensis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes jheringi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes klugi Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes kukulcan Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes laminatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes lanuginosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes lenca Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes liepini Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes liogaster Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes liviaprado Шаблон:Small[6]
- Cephalotes maculatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes manni Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes marginatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes mariadeandrade Шаблон:Small[6]
- Cephalotes marycorn Шаблон:Small[6]
- Cephalotes membranaceus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes minutus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes mompox Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes monicaulyssea Шаблон:Small[6]
- Cephalotes multispinosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes nilpiei Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes notatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes oculatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes opacus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pallens Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pallidicephalus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pallidoides Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pallidus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes palta Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes palustris Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes patei Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes patellaris Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pavonii Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pellans Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes persimilis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes persimplex Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes peruviensis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pileini Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pilosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pinelii Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes placidus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes porrasi Шаблон:Small[2]
- Cephalotes prodigiosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes pusillus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes quadratus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes ramiphilus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes rohweri Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes scutulatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes serraticeps Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes setulifer Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes simillimus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes sobrius Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes solidus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes specularis Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes spinosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes supercilii Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes targionii Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes texanus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes toltecus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes trichophorus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes umbraculatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes unimaculatus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes ustus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes varians Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes vinosus Шаблон:Small
- Cephalotes wheeleri Шаблон:Small
Fossil species
The fossil record is restricted to the Miocene with species recovered from both Dominican and Mexican ambers. Species were initially described by Gijsbertus Vierbergen and Joachim Scheven (1995) whole placed the species into the genera Cephalotes, Eucryptocerus, Exocryptocerus and Zacryptocerus. All four genera were revised four years later by Maria De Andrade and Cesare Baroni Urbani (1999, who synonymized them under Cephalotes.[7] The Dominican amber species: Шаблон:Div col
- †Cephalotes alveolatus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes bloosi Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes brevispineus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes caribicus Шаблон:Small[7]
- †Cephalotes dieteri Шаблон:Small[7]
- †Cephalotes hispaniolicus Шаблон:Small[7]
- †Cephalotes integerrimus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes jansei Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes obscurus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes resinae Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes serratus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes squamosus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes sucinus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes taino Шаблон:Small
The Mexican amber species:
- †Cephalotes maya Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes olmecus Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes poinari Шаблон:Small
- †Cephalotes ventriosus Шаблон:Small
See also
- Aphantochilus, a genus of crab spiders known to mimic Cephalotes species
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Hölldobler, B., Wilson, E. O., & Nelson, M. C. (2009). The superorganism: the beauty, elegance, and strangeness of insect societies. New York: W.W. Norton.
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Powell, S. (2008). Ecological specialization and the evolution of a specialized caste in Cephalotes ant. Functional Ecology, 22, 902-911.
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Powell, S. (2009). How ecology shapes caste evolution: linking resource use, morphology, performance and fitness in a superorganism. Evolutionary Biology, 22, 1004-1013.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 6,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Шаблон:Cite journal