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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox ancient site

The Cerne Abbas Giant is a hill figure near the village of Cerne Abbas, in Dorset, England, where it is owned presently by the National Trust, and listed as a scheduled monument of England. Measuring Шаблон:Convert in length, the hill figure depicts a bald, nude male with a prominent erection, holding his left hand out to the side and wielding a large club in his right hand. Like many other hill figures, the Cerne Giant is formed by shallow trenches cut into the turf and backfilled with chalk rubble.

The origin and age of the figure are unclear, and archaeological evidence suggests that parts of it have been lost, altered or added, over time; the earliest written record dates to the late 17th century. Early antiquarians associated it, albeit on little evidence, with a Saxon deity, while other scholars sought to identify it with a Romano-British figure of Hercules (or some syncretisation of the two).[1] The lack of earlier descriptions, along with information given to the 18th-century antiquarian John Hutchins, has led some scholars to conclude it dates from the 17th century. However, recent optically stimulated luminescence testing has suggested an origin between the years Шаблон:CE and Шаблон:CE, possibly close to the 10th-century date of the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey.

Regardless of its age, the Cerne Abbas Giant has become an important part of local culture and folklore, which often associates it with fertility. It is one of England's best-known hill figures and is a visitor attraction in the region.

The Cerne Giant is one of two major extant human hill figures in England, the other being the Long Man of Wilmington, near Wilmington, East Sussex, which is also a scheduled monument.

Description

Файл:Cerne-abbas-giant-1891-ordnance-survey.jpg
Cerne Abbas Giant on an 1891 Ordnance Survey map (1:10,560)[2]

The Giant is located just outside the small village of Cerne Abbas in Dorset, about Шаблон:Convert west of Bournemouth and Шаблон:Convert north of Weymouth. The figure depicts a naked man and is of colossal dimensions, being about Шаблон:Convert long and Шаблон:Convert across. It is cut into the steep, west-facing side of a hill known as Giant Hill[3] or Trendle Hill.[4][5] Atop the hill is another landmark, the Iron Age earthwork known as the "Trendle" or "Frying Pan".[6] The figure's outline is formed by trenches cut into the turf, about Шаблон:Convert deep, and filled-in with crushed chalk.[3] In his right hand, the giant holds a knotted club or baton-style weapon measuring Шаблон:Convert in length,[7] adding Шаблон:Convert to the total length of the figure.[8] A line across the waist has been suggested to represent a belt.[9] Writing in 1901 in the Proceedings of the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Henry Colley March noted that: "The Cerne Giant presents five characteristics: (1) It is petrographicШаблон:Nbsp... It is, therefore, a rock carvingШаблон:Nbsp... (2) It is colossalШаблон:Nbsp... (3) It is nude.Шаблон:Nbsp... (4) It is ithyphallicШаблон:Nbsp... (5) The Giant is clavigerous. It bears a weapon in its right hand."[10]

A 1996 study found that some features have changed over time, concluding that the figure originally held a cloak over its extended left arm, and an object (possibly a severed head) beneath its left hand.[11] The former presence of a cloak was corroborated in 2008, when a team of archaeologists (using special equipment) determined that part of the figure had been lost; the cloak might have been a depiction of an animal skin.[12] In 1993, the National Trust gave the Giant a "nose job" after years of erosion had worn it away.[13][14]

The Giant sports a notably vertical erection, some Шаблон:Convert long (nearly the length of its head), along with a visible scrotum and testicles ;[15] it has been called "Britain's most famous phallus".[16] One commentator noted that postcards of the Giant were the only indecent photographs that could be sent through the English Post Office.[17] However, this feature may also have been changed over time; based off of a review of historical depictions, the Giant's current large erection has been identified as the result of the merging of a circle (representing his navel) with a different, smaller penis during a 1908 re-cut, as the navel still appeared on a late-1890s picture postcard.[18] Lidar scans, conducted as part of the 2020 survey programme, have concluded that the phallus was added much later than the bulk of the figure, which was (probably) originally clothed.[19]

The hill figure is most commonly known as the "Cerne Abbas Giant"[20][21][22][23] or the "Cerne Giant",[20][24] the latter being preferred by the National Trust; English Heritage and Dorset County Council call it simply "the Giant".[3][25] It has also been referred to as the "Old Man",[26] and occasionally, in recent years, as the "Rude Man" of Cerne.[27][28]

Although the best view of the Giant is from the air, most tourist guides recommend a ground view from the "Giant's View" lay-by and car park off the A352.[29][30] The surrounding area was developed in 1979 through a joint effort of the Dorset County Planning Department, the National Trust, the Nature Conservancy Council (now called Natural England), the Dorset Naturalists Trusts, the Department of the Environment, and local landowners. The information panel on-site was devised by the National Trust and Dorset County Council.[31]

History

Early accounts

Like several other chalk figures carved into the English countryside, the Cerne Abbas Giant is often thought of as an ancient creation but its written history cannot be traced back further than the late 17th century. Medieval sources refer to the hill on which the giant is located as Trendle Hill, in reference to the nearby Iron Age earthwork known as the Trendle.[4][6] J. H. Bettey of the University of Bristol noted that none of the earlier sources for the area, including a detailed 1540s survey of the Cerne Abbey lands and a 1617 land survey by John Norden, refer to the giant, despite noting the Trendle and other landmarks.[32] In contrast, there are documentary references to the 3,000 year-old Uffington White Horse as far back as the late 11th century.[33]

The earliest known written reference is a 4Шаблон:NbspNovember 1694 entry in the Churchwardens' Accounts from St Mary's Church in Cerne Abbas, which reads "for repairing ye Giant, three shillings".[34][35] In 1734, the Bishop of Bristol noted and inquired about the giant during a Canonical visitation to Cerne Abbas, while in 1738 the antiquarian Francis Wise mentioned the giant in a letter.[36] The bishop's account, as well as subsequent observations such as those of William Stukeley, were discussed at meetings of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1764.[37][38]

Beginning in 1763 descriptions of the giant also began to appear in contemporary magazines, following a general increase in interest in "antiquities". The earliest known survey was published in the Royal Magazine in September 1763. Derivative versions subsequently appeared in the October 1763 St James Chronicle, the July 1764 Gentleman's Magazine[37][39] and the 1764 edition of The Annual Register.[37][40][41][42][43] In the early 1770s the antiquarian John Hutchins reviewed various previous accounts in his book The History and Antiquities of the County of Dorset, published posthumously in 1774.[37] Noting a local tradition the giant had only been cut in the previous century, he described and drew it as then having three roughly-cut letters between its feet, and over them the apparent Arabic numerals "748", features since lost; Hutchins' account was copied by several early 19th century guidebooks.[44][45]

A map referred to as the "1768 Survey Map of Cerne Abbas by Benjamin Pryce" is held at the Dorset History Centre,[46] though a record at the National Archives notes there is evidence the map may date to the 1790s.[47] By the following century the phallus was invariably omitted from depictions, either in line with the prevailing views on modesty at the time or as it had become grassed over; the figure seems to have become increasingly neglected and overgrown during the 19th century until in 1868 its owner Lord Rivers arranged to have the Giant restored "as near as possible to his original condition".[48]

Interpretation

18th century antiquarians were able to discover little about the figure's origin: Stukeley suggested that local people "know nothing more of [the Giant] than a traditionary account of its being a deity of the ancient Britons".[52] Several other local traditions have, however, been recorded, including that the Giant was cut in 1539 at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries as a "humiliating caricature" of Cerne Abbey's final abbot Thomas Corton, who amongst other offences was accused of fathering children with a mistress.[53][54] Hutchins, noting the apparent figure "748" then visible between the Giant's feet, suggested that if this did not refer to the date of an earlier repair such as "1748", it could be a representation of Cenric, the son of Cuthred, King of Wessex, who died in battle in 748: Arabic numerals however did not come widely into use in England until the 15th century.[55] Another 18th century writer dismissed it as "the amusement of idle people, and cut with little meaning, perhaps, as shepherds' boys strip off the turf on the Wiltshire plains."[56]

Richard Pococke, in a 1754 account, noted the figure was called "the Giant, and Hele",[57] while Richard Gough, editor of the 1789 edition of William Camden's 1637 work Britannica, linked the Giant with a supposed minor Saxon deity named by Camden as "Hegle";[58][59] In the 1760s William Stukeley recorded that locals referred to the giant as "Helis".[58] Stukeley was one of the first to hypothesize that "Helis" was a garbled form of "Hercules", a suggestion that has found more support;[58][60] Pococke had earlier noted that "[the Giant] seems to be Hercules, or Strength and Fidelity".[57] The close resemblance of the giant's features to the attributes of the classical hero Hercules, usually portrayed naked and with a knotted club, have been strengthened by the more recent discovery of the "cloak", as Hercules was often depicted with the skin of the Nemean lion over his arm.[58]

Файл:Cerne Abbas Giant (obliterated section restored).svg
Layout of the giant with the obliterated line (in yellow) reconstructed

Modern histories of the Cerne Giant have been published by Bettey 1981, Legg 1990, and Darvill et al. 1999.[61] In recent times there have been three main theories concerning the age of the Giant, and whom it might represent:[62]

  • One, citing the lack of documentary evidence prior to the 1690s, argues that the giant was created in the 17th century, most likely by Lord Holles, who held the Cerne Abbas estate by right of his second wife Jane. J.H. Bettey was the first to suggest Holles could have cut the figure as a parody of Oliver Cromwell,[63] though a further tradition local to Cerne was that the Giant was created by Holles' tenants as a lampoon aimed at Holles himself.[64]
  • Another, based largely on an idea developed in the 1930s by archaeologist Stuart Piggott, is that due to the giant's resemblance to Hercules, it is a creation of the Romano-British culture, either as a direct depiction of the Roman figure or of a deity identified with him.[11] It has been more specifically linked to attempts to revive the cult of Hercules during the reign of the Emperor Commodus (176-192), who presented himself as a reincarnation of Hercules.[65]
  • Another is that the giant is of earlier Celtic origin, because it is stylistically similar to an image of the Celtic god Nodens on a skillet handle found at Hod Hill, Dorset, dated to between 10 CE to 51 CE.[62]
Файл:Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles of Ifield.jpg
Lord Holles, a portrait from the 1640s. Holles, the Cerne Abbas landowner, has been suggested as the person who ordered the giant to be cut in mockery of his political adversary Cromwell.

Proponents of a 17th-century origin suggest that the giant was cut around the time of the English Civil War by servants of Denzil Holles, then Lord of the Manor of Cerne Abbas. This theory originated in the 18th century account of John Hutchins, who noted in a letter of 1751 to the Dean of Exeter that the steward of the manor had told him the figure "was a modern thing, cut out in Lord Hollis' time".[6] In his History and antiquities of the county of Dorset, first published in 1774, Hutchins also suggested that Holles could perhaps have ordered the recutting of an existing figure dating from "beyond the memory of man".[59][66]

It has been speculated that Holles could have intended the figure as a parody of Oliver Cromwell: while Holles, the MP for Dorchester and a leader of the Presbyterian faction in Parliament, had been a key Parliamentarian supporter during the First English Civil War, he grew to personally despise Cromwell and attempted to have him impeached in 1644.[67] Cromwell was sometimes mockingly referred to as "England's Hercules" by his enemies: under this interpretation, the club has been suggested to hint at Cromwell's military rule, and the phallus to mock his Puritanism.[68] In 1967 Kenneth Carrdus proposed that the Holles referred to in Hutchins' account was Denzil Holles' son Francis, MP for Dorchester in 1679-80: he claimed that the figures and letters noted by Hutchins could be made to read "fh 1680", though was unable to find much other evidence to support this.[69]

The deepest archeological horizon of the Giant is 1 metre. Results of optically stimulated luminescence testing of samples from this deepest level were published in 2021. Some of these samples support a construction date between Шаблон:CE and Шаблон:CE, suggesting the Giant was first cut in the late Anglo-Saxon period. As this date coincides with the founding of nearby Cerne Abbey, archaeologist Alison Sheridan speculated that it may have been a challenge to the new religion from the still-pagan local inhabitants,[70][71] although other scholars have noted that early medieval monks could equally have been responsible for the figure.[72]

Other samples, however, gave later dates ranging up to 1560; one possible explanation is that the Giant may have first been cut in the late Saxon period, but then abandoned for several centuries.[70] As the survey evidence also suggested that the giant's penis is of much later date than the rest of the figure, the National Trust has proposed that the feature could have been added by Holles as part of his parody of Cromwell when re-cutting the older figure.[19]

Modern history

In 1920, the giant and the Шаблон:Convert site where it stands were donated to the National Trust by its then land-owners, Alexander and George Pitt-Rivers,[73] and it is now listed as a Scheduled Monument.[3] During World War II the giant was camouflaged with brushwood by the Home Guard in order to prevent its use as a landmark for enemy aircraft.[74][75]

According to the National Trust, the grass is trimmed regularly and the giant is fully re-chalked every 25 years.[76] Traditionally, the National Trust has relied on sheep from surrounding farms to graze the site.[77] However, in 2008 a lack of sheep, coupled with a wet spring causing extra plant growth, forced a re-chalking of the giant,[78] with 17 tonnes of new chalk being poured in and tamped down by hand.[79] In 2006, the National Trust carried out the first wildlife survey of the Cerne Abbas Giant, identifying wild flowers including the green-winged orchid, clustered bellflower and autumn gentian, which are uncommon in England.[80]

In 1921 Walter Long of Gillingham, Dorset, objected to the giant's nudity and conducted a campaign to either convert it to a simple nude, or to cover its supposed obscenity with a leaf.[81] Long's protest gained some support, including that of two bishops,[16][17] and eventually reached the Home Office. The Home Office considered the protest to be in humour, though the chief constable responded to say the office could not act against a protected scheduled monument.

Archaeology

Файл:Ercole - Museo archeol. di MI - foto GD'O - 26-6-2003.JPG
Hercules holding a club and the Nemean lion-skin fur

A 1617 land survey of Cerne Abbas makes no mention of the giant, suggesting that it may not have been there at the time or was perhaps overgrown.[32] The first published survey appeared in the September 1763 issue of Royal Magazine, reprinted in the October 1763 issue of St James Chronicle, and also in the August 1764 edition of Gentleman's Magazine together with the first drawing that included measurements.[37]

Egyptologist and archaeology pioneer Sir Flinders Petrie[82] surveyed the giant, probably during the First World War, and published his results in a Royal Anthropological Institute paper in 1926.[73][83] Petrie says he made 220 measurements, and records slight grooves across the neck, and from the shoulders down to the armpits. He also notes a row of pits suggesting the place of the spine. He concludes that the giant is very different from the Long Man of Wilmington, and that minor grooves may have been added from having been repeatedly cleaned.[83]

In 1764, William Stukeley was one of the first people to suggest that the giant resembled Hercules.[38] In 1938, British archaeologist Stuart Piggott agreed, and suggested that, like Hercules, the giant should also be carrying a lion-skin.[84][85] In 1979, a resistivity survey was carried out, and together with drill samples, confirmed the presence of the lion-skin.[86] Another resistivity survey in 1995 also found evidence of a cloak and changes to the length of the phallus, but did not find evidence (as rumoured) of a severed head, horns, or symbols between the feet.[87]

In July 2020, preliminary results of a National Trust survey of snail shells unearthed at the site suggested the hill figure is "medieval or later".[88] Snails dating only from the Roman period (brought from France as food) were not found at the site, while species first found in England from the 13th and 14th centuries were found in soil samples examined. In 2020 the National Trust commissioned a further survey, using optically stimulated luminescence, and the results contradicted earlier research and theories. Samples from inside the deepest layers of the monument yielded a date range for construction of Шаблон:CEШаблон:Snd early medieval late Anglo-Saxon period.[70][89]

A 2024 study proposed that the figure depicts Hercules and was created Шаблон:Circa CE as a muster station for West Saxon armies to gather and that by the 11th-century, the figure was being reinterpreted as portraying Saint Eadwold, by the monks at the Abbey.[90]

Earthworks

North-east of the head of the giant is an escarpment called Trendle Hill, on which are some earthworks now called The Trendle or Frying Pan.[91] It is a scheduled monument in its own right.[92] Antiquarian John Hutchins wrote in 1872 that "These remains are of very interesting character, and of considerable extent. They consist of circular and other earthworks, lines of defensive ramparts, an avenue, shallow excavations, and other indications of a British settlement."[93]

Unlike the giant, the earthworks belong to Lord Digby, rather than the National Trust. Its purpose is unknown; the claim that it was the site of maypole dancing, made by the former village sexton in the late 19th century, was disputed by other villagers who located the maypole site elsewhere.[94][91] It has been considered to be Roman,[91] or perhaps an Iron-Age burial mound containing the tomb of the person represented by the giant.[95][96]

Folklore

Whatever its origin, the giant has become an important part of the culture and folklore of Dorset. Some folk stories indicate that the image is an outline of the corpse of a real giant.[58] One story says the giant came from Denmark leading an invasion of the coast, and was beheaded by the people of Cerne Abbas while he slept on the hillside.[97]

Other folklore, first recorded in the Victorian era, associates the figure with fertility.[58] According to folk belief, a woman who sleeps on the figure will be blessed with fecundity, and infertility may be cured through sexual intercourse on top of the figure, especially the phallus.[58]

In 1808, Dorset poet William Holloway published his poem "The Giant of Trendle Hill",[5] in which the Giant is killed by the locals by piercing its heart.

Шаблон:Anchor In popular culture

Файл:CerneAbbasHomer.jpg
Homer Simpson as promotion for The Simpsons Movie

In modern times the giant has been used for several publicity stunts and as an advertisement. For example, Ann Bryn-Evans of the Pagan Federation recalls that the Giant has been used to promote "condoms, jeans and bicycles".[98]

In 1998, pranksters made a pair of jeans out of plastic mesh with a Шаблон:Convert inside leg, and fitted them to the giant[99] to publicise American jeans manufacturer Big Smith.[100] In August 2002, the BLAC advertising agency, on behalf of the Family Planning Association, rolled a large latex sheet down the Giant's phallus to promote condom use.[101][102]

As a publicity stunt for the opening of The Simpsons Movie on 16 July 2007, a figure of Homer Simpson clad in y-front underpants and brandishing a doughnut was outlined in water-based biodegradable paint to the left of the Cerne Abbas Giant. This act displeased local neopagans, who pledged to perform rain magic to wash the figure away.[103][104]

An August 2007 report, in the Dorset Echo said a man claiming to be the "Purple Phantom" had painted the Giant's penis purple. It was reported that the man was from Fathers 4 Justice, but the group denied any involvement and said they did not know who did it.[105]

In 2012, pupils and members of the local community recreated the Olympic torch on the Giant, to mark the passing of the official torch in the run-up to the 2012 London Olympics.[106]

In November 2013, the National Trust supported Movember, which raises awareness of prostate and testicular cancer. It authorised the temporary placement of a huge grass moustache on the giant. The moustache was Шаблон:Convert wide and Шаблон:Convert deep according to the designer[107] but both the National Trust and the BBC reported it as being Шаблон:Convert.[108][109]

In October 2020, to promote the release of Borat Subsequent Moviefilm people added a 'mankini' and banners stating "Wear Mask." and "Save Live." on the site.[110]

The Cerne Abbas Giant has appeared in several films and TV programmes, including the title sequence of the 1986 British historical drama film Comrades,Шаблон:Citation needed a 1996 episode of the Erotic Tales series "The Insatiable Mrs Kirsch", directed by Ken Russell (featuring a replica of the Giant), in 1997, the seriesШаблон:Nbsp6 finale "Sofa" of the comedy series Men Behaving Badly, and the 2000 film Maybe Baby directed by Ben Elton.[111][112] and even appeared in one of BBC One 'Balloon' idents between 1997 and 2002.

The giant has also been depicted in multiple video games, including Pokémon Sword and Shield.[113]

In June 2023 the Oxford Cheese Company was criticised for using an image of the giant on one of its products without the distinctive phallus.[114][115][116]

Representations

In 1980, Devon artist Kenneth Evans-Loud planned to produce a companion Шаблон:Convert female figure on the opposite hill, featuring Marilyn Monroe in her iconic pose from the film The Seven Year Itch where her dress is blown by a subway grating.[117][118]

In 1989, Turner Prize-winning artist Grayson Perry designed a set of motorbike leathers inspired by the Cerne Abbas Giant.[119][120][121] In 1994, girls from Roedean School painted a Шаблон:Convert replica of the Giant on their playing field, the day before sports day.[122]

In 2003, pranksters created their own Шаблон:Convert version of the Giant on a hill in English Bicknor, but "wearing wellies, an ear of corn hanging from its mouth and a tankard of ale in its hand".[123] In 2005, the makers of Lynx deodorant created a Шаблон:Convert advert on a field near Gatwick, featuring a copy of the Giant wearing underpants, frolicking with two scantily clad women.[124] In 2006, artist Peter John Hardwick produced a painting "The Two Dancers with the Cerne Abbas Giant, with Apologies to Picasso" which is on display at Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust.[125] In 2009, the Giant was given a red nose, to publicize the BBC's Comic Relief charity event.[126] In 2011, English animators The Brothers McLeod produced a 15-second cartoon giving their take on what the Giant does when no one is watching.[127]

In 2015, the giant was used as a character in an online comic book published by Eco Comics; the giant's character appeared in various adventures accompanying a character based on St George, though his erect penis was removed from the artwork as many "outlets, particularly in the US, refuse any form of nudity in comic books".[128]

The giant's image has been reproduced on various souvenirs and local food produce labels, including for a range of beers made by the Cerne Abbas Brewery. In 2016, the BBC reported that the beer company's logo had been censored in the Houses of Parliament.[129]

Gallery

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Books

  • Rodney Castleden, with a foreword by Rodney Legg, The Cerne Giant, published by Wincanton DPC, 1996, Шаблон:ISBN.
  • Michael A., Hodges MA., Helis, the Cerne Giant, and his links with Christchurch, Christchurch, c. 1998, 15 pp. Шаблон:OCLC
  • Dr. T. William Wake Smart, Ancient Dorset, 1872, "The Cerne Giant," pp. 319–27. Шаблон:OCLC
  • Darvill, T., Barker, K., Bender, B., and Hutton, R., The Cerne Giant: An Antiquity on Trial, 1999, Oxbow. Шаблон:ISBN. [1]
  • Legg, Rodney, 1990, Cerne; Giant and Village Guide, Dorset Publishing Company, 2nd edition, Шаблон:ISBN.[2]
  • Knight, Peter, The Cerne Giant – Landscape, Gods and the Stargate, 2013, Stone Seeker Publishing. Шаблон:ISBN

Journal articles

  • Dr Wake Smart, "The Cerne Giant", Journal of the British Archaeological Association, Volume: 28, 1872.
  • Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol. 22, 1901.
  • W. M. F. Petrie, The Hill Figures of England, "III. The Giant of Cerne", Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Occasional Paper No. 7, 1926.
  • O. G. S. Crawford, "The Giant of Cerne and other Hill-figures", Antiquity, Vol. 3 No. 11, September 1929, pp. 277–82.
  • Stuart Piggott, "Notes and News: The name of the giant of Cerne", Antiquity, Vol. 6, No. 22, June 1932, pp. 214–16.
  • Stuart Piggott, "The Hercules Myth – beginnings and ends", Antiquity, Vol. 12 No. 47, September 1938, pp. 323–31.
  • "Editorial: regarding the Home Office file, Obscene Publications: the Cerne Abbas Giant (PRO HO 45/18033)", Antiquity, Vol.50 No.198, June 1976, pp. 93–94.
  • Leslie Grinsell, "The Cern Abbas Giant 1764–1980", Antiquity, Vol. 54 No. 210, March 1980, pp. 29–33.
  • J. H. Bettey, "The Cerne Abbas giant: the documentary evidence", Antiquity, Vol. 55, No. 214, July 1981, pp. 118–21.
  • J. H. Bettey, "Notes and News: The Cerne Giant: another document?", Antiquity, Vol. 56 No. 216, March 1982, pp. 51–52.
  • Temple Willcox, "Hard times for the Cerne Giant: 20th-century attitudes to an ancient monument", Antiquity, Vol. 62 No. 236, September 1988, pp. 524–26.
  • Chris Gerrard, "Cerne Giant", British Archaeology, Issue no 55, October 2000. A review of the book: The Cerne Giant: an Antiquity on Trial by Timothy Darvill, Katherine Barker, Barbara Bender and Ronald Hutton (eds), Oxbow, Шаблон:ISBN.

National Monument Records

  • 1979 Resistivity survey by A J Clark, A D H Bartlett and A E U David, which "found evidence for the 'lion skin' feature over the giant's left arm"
  • 1988–1989 Resistivity surveys, testing for the existence of possible additional features, 1988, 1989, 1994
  • 1995 Resistivity survey finding evidence of a cloak, penis length change, and navel, but, not for a severed head, horns, nor lettering/symbols between the feet
  • "Cerne Giant", National Monument Records, No. ST 60 SE 39 (on Pastscape.org.uk)

External links

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  1. ↑ Rodney Castleden, The Cerne Giant, Dorset Publishing Company, 1996, Шаблон:ISBN, pp. 32–33
  2. ↑ "England – Dorset", Ordnance Survey map 1:10,560, EpochШаблон:Nbsp1 (1891)
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:NHLE
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Haughton, Brian, Hidden History: Lost Civilizations, Secret Knowledge, and Ancient Mysteries, publisher ReadHowYouWant.com, 2009, Шаблон:ISBN, p. 258 Шаблон:Webarchive
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 William Holloway, "The Giant of Trendle Hill", The minor minstrel: or, Poetical pieces, chiefly familiar and descriptive, Printed for W. Suttaby, 1808, 182 pages, p. 140 Шаблон:Webarchive
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol. 22, 1901, p. 108
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  9. ↑ Timothy Darvill, "Cerne Giant, Dorset, England Шаблон:Webarchive", in Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology, publisher: Oxford University Press, 2009, Шаблон:ISBN, 544 pages.
  10. ↑ Hy. Colley March M.D. F.S.A., "The Giant and the Maypole of Cerne", Proceedings, Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society, Vol. 22, 1901, pp. 107–08
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Chris Court, "Nose Job for Chalk Giant", Press Association, Sunday 11 April 1993, Home News
  14. ↑ Raphael Samuel, Theatres of Memory: Past and Present in Contemporary Culture, Publisher: Verso Books, 2012, Шаблон:ISBN, 508 pages, p. 172 Шаблон:Webarchive
  15. ↑ Eugene Monick, Phallos: Sacred Image of the Masculine, Volume 27 of Studies in Jungian psychology, publisher Inner City Books, 1987, Шаблон:ISBN, 141 pages, p. 36 Шаблон:Webarchive
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Antony Barnett, "Bishop tried to gird the giant's loins Шаблон:Webarchive", The Observer, 5 March 2000
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 John Sydenham, Baal Durotrigensis. A dissertation on the antient colossal figure at Cerne, Dorsetshire, London, W. Pickering, 1842. "Section IV" (p. 43 Шаблон:Webarchive)
  21. ↑ "Cerne Abbas Giant: Preserving an icon" Шаблон:Webarchive, BBC News Dorset, 17 March 2010, retrieved 5 October 2012
  22. ↑ "Pass notes no 2,820: The Cerne Abbas giant Шаблон:Webarchive", The Guardian, 27 July 2010, retrieved 5 October 2012
  23. ↑ "Visit the Cerne Abbas Giant in Dorset Шаблон:Webarchive", 6 July 2011, retrieved 5 October 2012
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