Английская Википедия:Cezary Ketling-Szemley

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox military person Cezary Ketling-Szemley (22 July 1915Шаблон:Spnd9 January 1979) was a Polish military officer and lawyer. He was a participant in the anti-German conspiracy, member of the PLAN, Home Army and PAL, main collaborator and supporter of the Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) on the part of the Polish underground during and before Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. He was born as Cezary Szemley. During the war he used the aliases "Janusz", "Ketling", "Olgierd" and "Arpad". After the war, he signed himself Cezary Szemley-Ketling or Ketling-Szemley. In 1949, he officially changed his name to Janusz Ketling-Szemley.Шаблон:Sfn

Many details of Szemley's biography are unknown or unclear. What is known is that immediately after the start of the German occupation he joined the underground as a member of the Polish Popular Independence Action (PLAN) affiliated with the Alliance of Democrats party. After its deconspiration, he founded a new organization of the same name, which soon joined the ZWZ-AK. As a member of the Home Army, he was twice sentenced to death by an underground court for collaboration with the Gestapo, but the sentence was not approved by the Home Army commander. In December 1942, he established contacts with the Jewish Military Union ( ŻZW), which was forming in the ghetto, claiming to be a representative of the Polish underground state, for which he probably had no approval. He assisted the ŻZW with training, as well as by selling weapons and taking part in joint anti-German actions. He also supported the ŻZW during the ghetto uprising, helping some of the fighters escape from the ghetto.

He later became associated with the pro-communist and pro-Soviet Polish People's Army PAL and the puppet government of the PKWN. After the war, he worked as a lawyer.

Biography

Prewar period

Szemley's origins and pre-war biography are unclear, as he himself has repeatedly given mutually exclusive information about himself. After the war, he was for example giving Budapest as his place of birth, not wanting to write "born in the USSR".Шаблон:Sfn He also gave 22 July 1915, as a date of birth.Шаблон:Sfn In fact he was born near Lviv in the family of a railroad worker.Шаблон:Sfn Although there were claims that he came from an aristocratic family.Шаблон:Sfn According to another version, his father was said to have been the editor of the weekly 'Czarno na Białym', associated with the Alliance of Democrats, hence Szemley's later high position in this milieu.Шаблон:Sfn

He graduated from Шаблон:Ill in Chełmno, and began studying law at the University of Lwów in 1935. In 1937, he studied at the Шаблон:Ill in Ostrów Mazowiecka. Before the war, he worked at the Ministry of Justice, in the statistics department, it's possible that his patron was Count Jan Szembek, vice-minister of foreign affairs.Шаблон:Sfn He was an activist in the centrist Alliance of Democrats.Шаблон:Sfn

Conspiracy and the establishment of PLAN

He took part in the defence of Poland during the German invasion, and later became involved with the independence conspiracy very early on, and joined the secret Polish Popular Independence Action (PLAN). PLAN was founded 15 October 1939, as an organization of leftist patriotic youth, drawn from the pre-war Union of Polish Democratic Youth (ZPMD), students gathered around the magazine Orka na ugorze and scouts of the 23rd Warsaw Scouting Troop of Bolesław Chrobry.^[1] However, most of the scouts of the 23rd squad left the PLAN at the end of 1939, tying themselves to the mainstream of the underground in the form of the Grey Ranks (among them were, later shrouded in legend, Tadeusz Zawadzki " Zośka," Jan Bytnar "Rudy" and Aleksy Dawidowski "Alek").^[1] The PLAN commander was Jerzy Drewnowski, his deputy Juliusz Dąbrowski, and the writer Gustaw Herling-Grudziński was the first chief of staff.Шаблон:Sfn As early as October, PLAN started publishing the magazine Biuletyn Polski, Szemley was on the editorial team from the beginning.Шаблон:Sfn The PLAN's activities were wide-ranging, the precursor actions to so-called minor sabotage were of great significance, including the spreading of anti-German stickers.Шаблон:Sfn

The PLAN was broken up by the Gestapo in January 1940.Шаблон:Sfn PLAN founders and most members were arrested. The repression also affected the Jewish people, as the head of the PLAN's combat department was Kazimierz Andrzej Kott, who was of Jewish origin. 255 Jews were executed.Шаблон:Sfn In its place, Szemley set up a new organisation under the same name, which is often referred to in historiography as PLAN II for this reason. It is not clear when PLAN II started its activities, various dates appear in the memoirs: March 1940, autumn 1940 or early 1941.Шаблон:Sfn Apart from the name and a general democratic left-wing profile, the new organisation had little in common with its predecessor. It was not a youth organisation anymore, but a political group based on former members of the Alliance of Democrats. It was also smaller in number, most PLAN members who escaped arrest did not join the new organisation.Шаблон:Sfn Wacław Barcikowski became the chairman, Stanisław Janusz was the military commander.Шаблон:Sfn PLAN II published the magazine Rzeczpospolita (Шаблон:Literal translation) from January 1941, which from 1944 began to be published under the new title Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (Шаблон:Literal translation).Шаблон:Sfn Szemley himself was involved in the publication of another PLAN II magazine called Z dnia na dzień (Шаблон:Literal translation), published several times a week during the years 1941–42.Шаблон:Sfn

In the Home Army

In September 1941, the PLAN subordinated itself to the ZWZ (later Home Army, AK). Since February 1943 Szemley commanded a 30-man platoon organised by the PLAN II (codename DB-3), which became part of the AK Kedyw company for Warsaw district of Śródmieście.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn The main reason for entrusting him with the command of a unit within the AK was Szemley's contacts with the ŻZW, which was important in the context of the armed action of the Jewish fighters in the ghetto, already expected at that time.Шаблон:Sfn In June 1943 he was awarded the Cross of Valour by the Home Army Commander.Шаблон:Sfn Szemley was also a member of the Commission for the Organization of Propaganda at the Bureau of Information and Propaganda of the Home Army Headquarters.Шаблон:Sfn The Bureau of Information and Propaganda (BIP) was an underground cell in which many Alliance of Democrats activists worked,Шаблон:Sfn led by the Jerzy Makowiecki "Malicki", who was also the secretary general of the underground Alliance of Democrats.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, Makowiecki, through his subordinate Henryk Woliński, established contacts with the ŻOB and Jewish National Committee (ŻKN) and directed the work of the Council to Aid Jews Żegota. He was one of the most committed people in the Home Army to helping Jews.Шаблон:Sfn Initially he supported Szemley, but over time became suspicious of him.Шаблон:Sfn This was influenced by Szemley's insubordination and the suspicion falling on him, on 9 October 1942, Makowiecki voiced opinion about him: "I consider Arpad to be a complete psychopath".Шаблон:Sfn

Death sentence

In late 1942 and early 1943, the underground judiciary pursued a case against Szemley, who was accused of having treacherous contacts with the Gestapo. The case ended in a death sentence, which was not one approved by the Home Army Commander. According to historian August Grabski, Szemley was most likely the target of a political provocation organised by right-wing circles inside the Home Army who accused Szemley of having a 'pro-Communist' stance.Шаблон:Sfn However, according to historians Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Wainbaum, there is no reason to believe it was a provocation and the allegations against Szemley were most likely true and evidenced.Шаблон:Sfn

The whole affair started when PLAN II activist Tadeusz Szurmak was arrested by the Germans on 22 June 1942. In late August and early September 1942, the Home Army underground intercepted two anonymous letters sent to the Gestapo by some PLAN II activists, in which the latter offered to hand over leading activists of the Polish Underground State in exchange for Szurmak's release. In doing so, he also gave out a lot of confidential information about Z dnia na dzień and its editorial staff in order to make himself credible to the Germans.Шаблон:Sfn The evidence against Szemley in this case was gathered on 18 October 1942.Шаблон:Sfn The hearing revisited the earlier situation that brought Szemley before the Civil Court. Namely, in March 1942, he had extorted $6,000 from Jewish counterfeiters by claiming to be a Gestapo officer. This type of practice was considered reprehensible, as it was very often used by szmalcowniks.Шаблон:Sfn On 21 February 1943, the Second Special Military Court of the AK Headquarters sentenced Szemley in absentia to death.Шаблон:Sfn This sentence was upheld at a subsequent trial on 24–25 May 1943.Шаблон:Sfn However, it was not approved by Home Army Commander, General Stefan Rowecki.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this, on 21 January 1944, at the corner of Nowogrodzka and Emilia Plater Streets in Warsaw, Szemley was severely wounded in the back by enemies attempting to liquidate him.Шаблон:Sfn

At the turn of 1942 and 1943, Szemley was, in the eyes of the decision-makers of the Polish Underground State, a completely discredited and untrustworthy person. On 31 March 1943, the head of AK counterintelligence Bernard Zakrzewski "Oskar" wrote to the deputy AK commander Tadeusz Komorowski "Korczak":Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote

Cooperation with ŻZW

Establishment of cooperation

Szemley made his first contacts with the Jewish Military Union (ŻZW) in December 1942, as the ŻZW sought to establish relations with the Government Delegation and the Home Army. The meeting took place on the grounds of the Bródno cemetery, and was most likely attended by ŻZW commander Paweł Frenkel.Шаблон:Sfn Continuing relationship Szemley went to the ghetto in January 1943, passing through a tunnel under Muranowska Street.Шаблон:Sfn It wasn't the first time Szemley went to ghetto, as underground court documents contain information about Szemley's attack on Jewish dollar counterfeiters, during which he claimed to be a Gestapo man and took 60,000 zlotys from them.Шаблон:Sfn In his account given to the Israeli historian Chaim Lazar in 1963, Szemley mentions 'sporadic' contacts between him and the ŻZW in the earlier period, since 1940, but this is unlikely.Шаблон:Sfn Szemley also credits the idea of building the tunnel, which is equally unlikely.Шаблон:Sfn Undoubtedly, however, the accounts of aid to Jews in hiding undertaken by PLAN II are most likely true.Шаблон:Sfn

Szemley's disastrous reputation was probably the reason why the ŻZW's attempt to contact the Polish underground did not find much response. Attempts at contact made at around the same time by the ŻOB, which was initially mediated by Aleksander Kamiński "Hubert", who had an impeccable reputation, were on the other hand successful.Шаблон:Sfn Szemley's contacts with some Jewish groups in the ghetto were known about in the underground leadership, but were ignored as another Szemley hoax. The existence of a revisionist resistance movement was also not mentioned by the ŻOB envoys, which further weakened the credibility of the ŻZW and Szemley in the eyes of the Polish underground leadership.Шаблон:Sfn On the other hand, the ŻZW may have been convinced that it had established contacts with an important representative of the Polish underground, especially as Szemley was able to provide significant training and material assistance and to give the impression of being an important person.Шаблон:Sfn

It is unclear how many weapons and of what type Szemley transferred to the ŻZW. During the second trial against Szemley, an accusation was made against him that he sold entrusted service weapons and ammunition to Jews in the ghetto and took the money for himself. Witness testimony also includes information that he sold 3,800 rounds of ammunition to the ghetto. He himself denied it, claiming that he only delivered Molotov cocktails.Шаблон:Sfn

Execution of Lolek Skosowski and Arek Wajntraub and other joint combat actions

From January 1943, according to Szemley's own account, a period of lively cooperation between PLAN II and the ŻZW begins. Already in the self-defence action of January 1943, PLAN II soldier Kazimierz Lipka "Śmiały", took part.Шаблон:Sfn Joint activities are known from documents of the ŻZW provided to historian Bernard Marek by Szemley himself, not always confirmed by other sources.Шаблон:Sfn On 11 February 1943, PLAN II soldiers killed one SS man in the ghetto near the Nalewski Street.Шаблон:Sfn A day later, ŻZW soldiers took part with PLAN II in an anti-German action in Marki.Шаблон:Sfn On 18 February 1943, two German gendarmes were killed in a joint action in the ghetto.Шаблон:Sfn

On 21 February, the ŻZW, according to Szemley on his initiative, carried out an assassination attempt on German informers Lolek Skosowski, Paweł Włodowski, Arek Wajntraub, H. Mangiel and Lidia Radziejowska in the ghetto at Świętojerska 38. The operation was commanded by Paweł Frenkel.Шаблон:Sfn According to an account written down in June 1943 by Paweł Besztymt "Rudy Paweł", a member of the ŻZW, the action was originally supposed to be carried out by a group of "12 Aryans" and the ŻZW would only take care of conducting intelligence prior to the action, but in the end, out of fear of deconspiration, the assassination was carried out by a group of 8 members of the ŻZW.Шаблон:Sfn Skosowski, as one of Abraham Gancwajch's main collaborators and previously a member of the collaborationist Group 13, was the main target of the attack, but was only wounded.Шаблон:Sfn The whole situation is unclear, as Skosowski had established cooperation with the Government Delegation in 1942, and was a useful double agent. Perhaps his assassination was ordered by the Polish underground, or perhaps Szemley acted on his own in order to lend credibility to the trial against him.Шаблон:Sfn Frenkel and Szemley jointly commanded the operation to set fire to the police and SS warehouses on Nalewki 3.Шаблон:Sfn

Ghetto uprising

PLAN II soldiers and Szemley himself took part in helping the fighting ghetto. On 19 April they attempted to blow up the ghetto wall from the side of Bonifraterska Street.Шаблон:Sfn And on 23 April they carried out an attack on a German post at the corner of Okopowa and Dzika Streets.Шаблон:Sfn Szemley himself claimed in his account to Lazar that he and other PLAN II soldiers had taken part in the ŻZW fighting on Muranowska Street, shelling German positions from outside the ghetto.Шаблон:Sfn

Szemley also helped lead ŻZW fighters out of the ghetto. According to his account, he led out 500 people, which is undoubtedly an exaggeration.Шаблон:Sfn In fact through a tunnel under Muranowska Street on 22 April or later, group of 30 or 44 people left the ghetto and made their way to Шаблон:Ill (now part of Józefów), near Otwock.Шаблон:Sfn Most accounts agree that the transport took place in coffins, and that the group in Michalin, as a result of deconspiration, was attacked by the Germans.Шаблон:Sfn The ŻZW received outside help from Polish conspirators, but it is not clear from which organisation. According to the accounts (first described by Bernard Mark) of the soldiers of the Security Corps organisation, they played the main role. Szemley polemicised this version by claiming that it was PLAN II that helped the ŻZW:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Blockquote Another group was helped out by PLAN II member Tadeusz Malinowski to 13 Grzybowska Street through sewers.Шаблон:Sfn

Polish People's Army

Later PLAN II broke its contacts with the Home Army, and its military units joined the Polish People's Army PAL.Шаблон:Sfn PLAN II joined the Supreme People's Committee of the United Democratic and Socialist Parties (NKL, later CKL) in November 1943, and the Centralisation of Democratic, Socialist and Syndicalist Parties in February 1944. Szemley was an ardent supporter of the CKL's subordination to the Soviet-installed PKWN in Poland, which eventually happened.Шаблон:Sfn

After the war

After the war, Szemley finished his law studies at University of Warsaw. In 1948 he passed the bar exam, and in 1952 he received his doctorate at the Jagiellonian University. In the early 1950s he was removed from the United People's Party. He acted as attorney for Ludwik Kalkstein while he was serving his life sentence from 1953 to 1965. Kalkstein was convicted of being a Gestapo agent during the war responsible, among other things, for handing over Home Army commander General Stefan Rowecki to the Germans.Шаблон:Sfn In 1965, Szemley was arrested for transmitting material critical of communist Poland to Radio Free Europe. Later due to harassment, Szemley was unable to work as a lawyer, and died on 9 January 1979, in Warsaw.Шаблон:Sfn^[1]

Writings

Bibliography

References

Шаблон:Reflist

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Cite web

[:0-1] 1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 Шаблон:Cite web

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