Английская Википедия:Chōsen gakkō

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Файл:Chosen-gakko classroom.jpg
Classroom at Tokyo Korean High School (東京朝鮮高級学校) with Portraits of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il

Шаблон:Nihongo are North Korean schools in Japan. "Chosen" means Korean, referring to the Joseon dynasty, and "gakko" means school.[1] They are affiliated with the Chongryon (the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan) which has strong ties to North Korea. Sometimes Chosen schools are referred to as Chongryon schools.

They teach loyalty to the North Korean regime and hostility to the Western Bloc.[2] Their students are born in Japan, but the lesson has a distinctive North Korean perspective. Japan has no control over the curriculum.[2]

As of 2012, there were 135 Chosen schools in Japan: 38 kindergartens, 54 elementary schools, 33 middle schools and 10 high schools, along with Korea University (not to be confused with Korea University in Seoul).[3]

As of 2014, there were about 150,000 Zainichi Koreans affiliated with the Chongryon in Japan, and they form the clientele of the schools. As of 2013, these schools had almost 9,000 ethnic Korean students.[4]

The vast majority of Koreans in Japan do not attend Chosen gakko. For example, 87% of Koreans in Osaka attend wholly Japanese schools which make no provisions for bilingual education.[5]

They are distinct from Kankoku gakkō (한국학교, 韓國學校, 韓国学校) which are overseas South Korean schools (재외한국학교,在外韓國學校,在外韓国学校) in Japan, which receive approval from the South Korean government and incorporate the South Korean educational curriculum and regular Japanese curriculum.[6]

History

Background

Файл:Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School.JPG
Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School (東京朝鮮中高級学校)
Файл:Tokyo Korean 1st Elementary and Junior High School.JPG
Tokyo Korean 1st Elementary and Junior High School (東京朝鮮第一初中級学校)

During the Japanese occupation of Korea between 1905 and 1945, many Koreans migrated to Japan optionally and forcefully.[1] The Japanese colonial government attempted to crush Korean identity, restricting the teaching & use of the Korean language both within Korea & Japan.[7]

In the wake of the collapse of colonial rule in Korea in 1945, approximately two million Koreans had returned to their homeland, whilst approximately 600,000 remained in Japan.[1]

Under the US occupation of Japan, ethnic Koreans were able to set up their own schools in which Korean culture could be taught and celebrated.[8]

However, these schools soon faced restrictions.[9] The American Occupation administration instructed the Japanese Ministry of Education to close Korean ethnic schools. Protests broke out. Clashes between the Japanese government and the ethnic Korean population peaked with the Hanshin Education Incident on 24 April 1948, in which 1,732 people were arrested. The same day, Japanese police went to Chosen schools, forced out the students and nailed the doors shut.[10]

In 1949, all Chosen schools were closed.[11]

Revival & Relationship with North Korea

Set up in October 1945, the League of Koreans (also known as the Choryŏn) initially opened & operated the schools, until the organisation was disbanded due to its socialist ties in 1949.[12] Then, after the Korean War amistace was signed, the Choryŏn was restarted under the new name Chongryon and they were able to reopen the schools.

Although the schools were reopened, their situation was still precarious. The only way for Chosen schools to be both accredited and free of Japanese interference is to gain 'miscellaneous school' status, which is granted by local authorities, not the central Ministry of Education.[1] After the Japanese government normalized relations with South Korea in 1965, it encouraged local authorities to deny miscellaneous status to North-affiliated Chosen schools. Despite this, by 1975, all existing Chōsen schools had obtained miscellaneous school status.[11]

The Chongryon has been labelled as North Korea's de-facto embassy in Japan.[13][14][15][16] A lot of difficulties for Chosen schools & Koreans in Japan arise from the Chongryon's links to Pyongyang.

In the immediate decades after the Korean War, North Korea far outstripped South Korea economically.[17] As a growing industrial economy, North Korea funnelled funds through the Chongryon to finance Chosen schools, along with parents paying tuition fees.[18][1] In 2021, a press release from Pyongyang reported that, since the start of the Chosen gakko, North Korea had sent over Шаблон:KRWConvert of financial support.[19]

Rise in Anti-Korean Sentiment

On 17 September 2002, the Japanese media reported that, back in the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese citizens had been abducted by the North Korean government.[20]

The abductions in addition to North Korea's nuclear tests resulted in a rise of anti-Korean sentiment, there were reports of Chosen gakko students being spat on, receiving verbal abuse, and having their distinctive uniforms slashed.[21]

These attacks stoked fear amongst the Chongryon community. It became common practice to wear Western-style uniforms on the way to school and change into their Korean uniforms once they arrived. Each set of uniform cost Шаблон:JPYConvert so this protection measure represented a significant cost.[21]

Japan withdraws Tuition Fee Funding

In 2010, the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) implemented the “Tuition Waiver and Tuition Support Fund Program for High School Education (Tuition Waiver Program)”. This new scheme would lessen the financial burden on families by making high school free for public, private, international and foreign schools. However, the decision was made to exclude schools affiliated with the Chongryun.[1][22]

Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School charges Шаблон:JPYConvert per year to attend, which many Korean immigrants struggle to afford, so a tuition fee waver would make a big difference to poorer parents who have no choice but to send their children to Japanese schools.[23]

In the 2011 fiscal year, the Osaka Prefectural Government ended subsidies to an educational corporation which operates ten Chōsen gakkō.[24]

In February 2013, the Japanese central government, citing the development of the North Korean nuclear program and a lack of cooperation regarding the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens,[24] officially declared that Chōsen gakkō may not be a part of the tuition waiver program.[25]

On May 17 2013, the United Nations Economic and Social Council released a report citing "The Committee is concerned at the exclusion of Korean schools from the State party’s tuition-waiver programme for high school education, which constitutes discrimination". [26]

By 2020, the Chongryon community had organised over 200 protests against the government's decision.[27]

Legal Challenges & School Closures

Lawsuits have been launched throughout Japan against these unfair treatments against Chōsen gakkō students as discrimination based on ethnic origin and heritage.[28]

In July 2017, the Osaka District Court ruled that the exclusion of Osaka Korean High School from the high school tuition fee waiver program was unlawful.[29][30]

A few months later, the Tokyo District Court ruled against a Chosen gakko school, upholding the Japanese government's decision to withhold tuition subsidies.[31]

However, the Supreme Court's ruled in August 2019 that it was lawful to exclude Tokyo Korean Junior and Senior High School, the largest Chosen school in the country, from the scheme.[22] The court cited the school's connections to Chongryon, amidst tensions with North Korea.[32]

Higashiosaka Chosen Chukyu Gakko closed in March 2018 due to "financial difficulties", according to a school spokesperson.[33] In 2023, three more schools in the Osaka prefecture closed due to a lack of financial support from both Tokyo & Pyongyang.[34]

Hate Speech

In November 2019, former high ranking member of far-right group Zaitokukai was fined Шаблон:JPYConvert for calling Chosen schools “spy training centers".[35]

COVID-19 Pandemic

At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, when the Japanese government was distributing face masks to kindergartens, they chose not to distribute them to Chosen gakko.[36][37] There was public outcry in South Korea, and the collective efforts of 1,500 civic groups resulted in donations of 1,500 masks and over Шаблон:KRWConvert.[38]

2023 Investigations from Seoul authorities

In December 2023, the South Korean Ministry of Unification began investigating actor Kwon Hae-hyo, producer Cho Eun-seong and film director Kim Jee-woon for unauthorized contact with North Koreans after making a documentary highlighting discrimination in Chosen schools.[39]

Article 9 of the Inter-Korean Exchange and Cooperation Act states that South Korean citizens must notify the Ministry of Unification in advance if they intend to contact a citizen of North Korea, even if abroad. This legislation especially applies to those seeking to make contact with people linked to Chosen schools that are affiliated with the Chongryon (the General Association of Korean Residents in Japan), which has ties to North Korea.[40] However, if the person being contacted is a citizen of South Korea, no advance notification is required.[41]

Cho Eun-seong stated, "in the past 10 years, I have made several documentaries related to Koreans in Japan and this is the first time something like this has happened."[42]

The news of Seoul's investigations sparked outrage in Japan, with many fearing they could be suspected as a spy for simply speaking to someone North Korean. An restaurant owner, who is an ethnic Korean and third-generation immigrant in Japan, stated, "It’s perfectly natural for Koreans who have been in Japan for several generations to be on familiar terms with [North Koreans]. It’s certainly nothing to report to the authorities."[43]

Schools

[44]

Closed and/or merged schools

Шаблон:Expand section [45]

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Videos

Шаблон:In lang Available online:

Not available online:

  • 松下 佳弘. "Administrative Measures and Counteractions over the "Total Closure" of Korean Schools between 1949 and 1951 : The Case Study of Aichi Dai-roku Choren Elementary School in Kozakai Town, Hoi Gun" (朝鮮人学校の「完全閉鎖」をめぐる攻防(一九四九~五一年) : 愛知第六朝連小学校(宝飯郡小坂井町)の事例から). 研究紀要 (20), 155-188, 2015-07. 世界人権問題研究センター. See profile at CiNii.

Шаблон:Korean schools in Japan Шаблон:International schools in Japan Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Mitsuishi Park, Shitte imasuka, Chōsen Gakkō. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. 2012
  4. ↑ Talmadge, Eric. "Japan turns up pressure on pro-Pyongyang schools Шаблон:Webarchive" (). Associated Press. August 24, 2013. Retrieved on April 12, 2015. Alternate link at() Yahoo! News. Alternate link at Fox News.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Sonia Ryang, North Koreans in Japan: Language, Ideology, and Identity (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997), 79–80.
  9. ↑ Hiroshi Tanaka, Zainichi Gaikokujin (Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1995), p. 46
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Han, Tong-hyon. “‘Exclusion/Assimilation’ in the Treatment of the Korean School in Postwar Japan: An Essay on the Korean School as a Symbol for the Outcome of the ‘Exclusive Society.’” Kyōku Shakai Kenkyū 96 (2015): 109–29.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Sonia Ryang, Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin. London: Routledge. 2000
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Watanabe, Natsume. "Grade school for Zainichi Koreans in Osaka struggling to survive" (). The Japan Times. August 11, 2014. Retrieved on October 14, 2015.
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  41. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  42. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ "ウリハッキョ一覧" (). Chongryon. Retrieved on October 14, 2015.
  45. ↑ 45,0 45,1 45,2 45,3 45,4 45,5 "ウリハッキョ一覧" (). Chongryon. November 6, 2005. Retrieved on October 15, 2015. Compare the school names in the 2005 page to the current one. Changes in the names indicates the removal of educational stages.
  46. ↑ "The Education System and Schools Шаблон:Webarchive" (). Government of Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved on October 13, 2015.
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