Английская Википедия:Cha (Indic)

Cha is the seventh consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, cha is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng, which is probably derived from the Aramaic letter Файл:Qoph.svg ("Q") after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad ch.svg.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Шаблон:Further Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of छ are:^[1]

छ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7 (७)
छि Шаблон:IPA-hi = 700 (७००)
छु Шаблон:IPA-hi = 70,000 (७० ०००)
छृ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7,000,000 (७० ०० ०००)
छॢ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7Шаблон:E (७०^८)
छे Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7Шаблон:E (७०^१०)
छै Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7Шаблон:E (७०^१२)
छो Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7Шаблон:E (७०^१४)
छौ Шаблон:IPA-hi = 7Шаблон:E (७०^१६)

Historic Cha

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Cha as found in standard Brahmi, Cha was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Cha. The Tocharian Cha Cha did not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form. The third form of cha, in Kharoshthi (Cha) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Cha

The Brahmi letter Cha, Cha, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Tsade Файл:Sade 1.svg, and is thus related to the Greek San (letter). Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Cha can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.^[2] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Cha historic forms
Ashoka (3rd-1st c. BCE)	Girnar (~150 BCE)	Kushana (~150-250 CE)	Gujarat (~250 CE)	Gupta (~350 CE)
Файл:Brahmi ch.svg	Файл:Gupta girnar ch.svg	Файл:Gupta ashoka ch.svg	Файл:Gupta gujarat ch.svg	Файл:Gupta allahabad ch.svg

Tocharian Cha

The Tocharian letter Cha is derived from the Brahmi Cha, but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian Cha with vowel marks
Cha	Chā	Chi	Chī	Chu	Chū	Chr	Chr̄	Che	Chai	Cho	Chau	Chä
Файл:Tocharian letter cha.gif	Файл:Tocharian letter chaa.gif	Файл:Tocharian letter chi.gif		Файл:Tocharian letter chu.gif	Файл:Tocharian letter chuu.gif	Файл:Tocharian letter chr.gif				Файл:Tocharian letter cho.gif		Файл:Tocharian letter chä.gif

Kharoṣṭhī Cha

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Cha is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic Tsade Файл:Sade 1.svg, and is thus related to the Greek San (letter), in addition to the Brahmi Cha.

Devanagari script

Шаблон:Devanagari abugida sidebar Cha (छ) is the seventh consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter Файл:Gupta allahabad ch.svg. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter છ and the Modi letter 𑘔.

Devanagari-using Languages

In most languages, छ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-hi or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate, while in standard Nepali, it is pronounced as Шаблон:IPAblink. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari छ with vowel marks
Cha	Chā	Chi	Chī	Chu	Chū	Chr	Chr̄	Chl	Chl̄	Che	Chai	Cho	Chau	Ch
छ	छा	छि	छी	छु	छू	छृ	छॄ	छॢ	छॣ	छे	छै	छो	छौ	छ्

Conjuncts with छ

Файл:Devanagari Cha half form.svg

Half form of Cha.

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.^[3]

Ligature conjuncts of छ

True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form Ra for an initial "R" instead of repha.

Repha र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa: Шаблон:Ref

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct RCha.svg

Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RCha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature cʰra:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChRa.svg

Stacked conjuncts of छ

Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.

ब্ (b) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature bcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct BCha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature cʰba:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChBa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature cʰbʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChBha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + च (ca) gives the ligature cʰca:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChCa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature cʰcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChCha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + द (da) gives the ligature cʰda:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChDa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cʰḍa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChDda.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature cʰḍʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChDdha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature cʰdʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChDha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature cʰga:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChGa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature cʰɡʱa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChGha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature cʰha:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChHa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature cʰja:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChJa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature cʰjʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChJha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cʰjña:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChJNya.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + क (ka) gives the ligature cʰka:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChKa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature cʰkʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChKha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰkṣa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChKSsa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ल (la) gives the ligature cʰla:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChLa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature cʰḷa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChLla.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + म (ma) gives the ligature cʰma:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChMa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + न (na) gives the ligature cʰna:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChNa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature cʰŋa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChNga.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature cʰṇa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChNna.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature cʰña:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChNya.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + प (pa) gives the ligature cʰpa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChPa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature cʰpʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChPha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + स (sa) gives the ligature cʰsa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChSa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature cʰʃa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChSha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature cʰṣa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChSsa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + त (ta) gives the ligature cʰta:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChTa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature cʰtʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChTha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature cʰṭa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChTta.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature cʰṭʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChTtha.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + व (va) gives the ligature cʰva:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChVa.svg

छ্ (cʰ) + य (ya) gives the ligature cʰya:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct ChYa.svg

द্ (d) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature dcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DCha.svg

ड্ (ḍ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdCha.svg

ढ্ (ḍʱ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍʱcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct DdhCha.svg

ख্ (kʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature kʰcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct KhCha.svg

ङ্ (ŋ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ŋcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct NgCha.svg

ट্ (ṭ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ṭcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TtCha.svg

ठ্ (ṭʰ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ṭʰcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct TthCha.svg

व্ (v) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature vcʰa:

Файл:Devanagari Conjunct VCha.svg

Bengali script

The Bengali script ছ is derived from the Siddhaṃ Файл:Siddham ch.svg, and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, छ. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ছ will sometimes be transliterated as "cho" instead of "cha". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /cʰo/. Like all Indic consonants, ছ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali ছ with vowel marks
cha	chā	chi	chī	chu	chū	chr	chr̄	che	chai	cho	chau	ch
ছ	ছা	ছি	ছী	ছু	ছূ	ছৃ	ছৄ	ছে	ছৈ	ছো	ছৌ	ছ্

ছ in Bengali-using languages

ছ is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese.

Conjuncts with ছ

Bengali ছ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Unlike most Bengali letters, conjuncts with ছ do not tend towards stacked ligatures.^[4]

চ্ (c) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Ccha.svg

চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ccʰra, with the ra phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Cchra.svg

চ্ (c) + ছ্ (cʰ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ccʰva, with the va phala suffix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Cchva.svg

ঞ (ñ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ñcʰa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct NYcha.svg

র্ (r) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa, with the repha prefix:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct Rcha.svg

শ্ (ʃ) + ছ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

Файл:Bengali Conjunct SHcha.svg

Gujarati Cha

Файл:Gujarati letter Cha.svg

Gujarati Cha.

Cha (છ) is the seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the 16th century Devanagari Cha Cha with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately from the Brahmi letter Cha.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, છ is pronounced as Шаблон:IPA-gu or Шаблон:IPAblink when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Cha	Chā	Chi	Chī	Chu	Chū	Chr	Chl	Chr̄	Chl̄	Chĕ	Che	Chai	Chŏ	Cho	Chau	Ch
Файл:Gujarati Cha Matras.svg
Gujarati Cha syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with છ

Gujarati છ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Cha does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Cha will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra.

ર્ (r) + છ (cʰa) gives the ligature RCha:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct RCha.svg

છ્ (cʰ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa:

Файл:Gujarati conjunct ChRa.svg

Gurmukhi script

Chhachhaa Шаблон:IPA-pa (ਛ) is the twelfth letter of the Gurmukhi alphabet. Its name is [t͡ʃʰət͡ʃʰːɑ] and is pronounced as /t͡ʃʰ/ when used in words. It is derived from the Laṇḍā letter cha, and ultimately from the Brahmi cha. Gurmukhi chachaa does not have a special pairin or addha (reduced) form for making conjuncts, and in modern Punjabi texts do not take a half form or halant to indicate the bare consonant /t͡ʃʰ/, although Gurmukhi Sanskrit texts may use an explicit halant.

Telugu Cha

Шаблон:Multiple image Cha (ఛ) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ch. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಛ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Malayalam Cha

Файл:Malayalam letter Cha.svg

Malayalam letter Cha

Cha (ഛ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ch, via the Grantha letter Cha Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Файл:Malayalam Cha matras.svg

Malayalam Cha matras: Cha, Chā, Chi, Chī, Chu, Chū, Chr̥, Chr̥̄, Chl̥, Chl̥̄, Che, Chē, Chai, Cho, Chō, Chau, and Ch.

Conjuncts of ഛ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Cha does not form ligatures or other combining forms, and Cha conjuncts can only be formed with post-base forms of other letter or an explicit candrakkala. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

Thai script

Cho ching (ฉ) is the ninth letter of the Thai script. It falls under the high class of Thai consonants. In IPA, cho ching is pronounced as [tɕʰ] at the beginning of a syllable and may not be used to close a syllable. The eighth letter of the alphabet, cho chan (จ), is also named cho but represents a different initial consonant sound ([tɕ]) and falls under the middle class of Thai consonants. The tenth and twelfth letters of the alphabet, cho chang (ช) and cho choe (ฌ), are also named cho, however, they all fall under the low class of Thai consonants. Unlike many Indic scripts, Thai consonants do not form conjunct ligatures, and use the pinthu—an explicit virama with a dot shape—to indicate bare consonants. In the acrophony of the Thai script, ching (ฉิ่ง) means ‘cymbals (ching)’. Cho ching corresponds to the Sanskrit character ‘छ’.

Odia Cha

Шаблон:Multiple image Cha (ଛ) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ch, via the Siddhaṃ letter Cha Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Cha with vowel matras
Cha	Chā	Chi	Chī	Chu	Chū	Chr̥	Chr̥̄	Chl̥	Chl̥̄	Che	Chai	Cho	Chau	Ch
Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big

Conjuncts of ଛ

As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters. The "infinity" shaped subjoined form of Cha used in a few conjuncts is identical to the normal subjoined form of Tha and should not be confused with Tha.

ଚ୍ (c) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ccʰa:

Файл:Odia conjunct CCha.svg

ଞ୍ (ñ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ñcʰa:

Файл:Odia conjunct NyCha.svg

ଶ୍ (ʃ) + ଛ (cʰa) gives the ligature ʃcʰa:

Файл:Odia conjunct ShCha.svg

Kaithi Cha

Шаблон:Multiple image

Cha (𑂓) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ch, via the Siddhaṃ letter Cha Cha. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Cha with vowel matras
Cha	Chā	Chi	Chī	Chu	Chū	Che	Chai	Cho	Chau	Ch
Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big	Шаблон:Big

Conjuncts of 𑂓

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a half form of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit virama. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂓 (cʰa) gives the ligature rcʰa:

Файл:Kaithi conjunct RCha.svg

Comparison of Cha

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Cha, are related as well. Шаблон:Indic glyph

Character encodings of Cha

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Cha in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Cha from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII. Шаблон:Indic encoding

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Kurt Elfering: Die Mathematik des Aryabhata I. Text, Übersetzung aus dem Sanskrit und Kommentar. Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 1975, Шаблон:ISBN
Georges Ifrah: The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000, Шаблон:ISBN.
B. L. van der Waerden: Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik. Birkhäuser-Verlag, Basel Stuttgart, 1966, Шаблон:ISBN
Шаблон:Cite journal
Шаблон:Cite journal

Шаблон:Note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".

Шаблон:Devanagari abugida

↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web

[Ifrah-1] Шаблон:Cite book

[2] Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [1]

[KNAB-3] Шаблон:Cite web

[4] Шаблон:Cite web

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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