Английская Википедия:Chachalaca

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Chachalacas are galliform birds from the genus Ortalis. These birds are found in wooded habitats in the far southern United States (Texas),[1][2] Mexico, and Central and South America. They are social, can be very noisy and often remain fairly common even near humans, as their relatively small size makes them less desirable to hunters than their larger relatives. As agricultural pests, they have a ravenous appetite for tomatoes, melons, beans, and radishes and can ravage a small garden in short order. They travel in packs of six to twelve.[3] They somewhat resemble the guans, and the two have commonly been placed in a subfamily together, though the chachalacas are probably closer to the curassows.[4]

Taxonomy

The genus Ortalis was introduced (as Ortalida) by the German naturalist Blasius Merrem in 1786 with the little chachalaca (Ortalis motmot) as the type species.[5][6] The generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek word όρταλις, meaning "pullet"[7] or "domestic hen."[8] The common name derives from the Nahuatl verb chachalaca, meaning "to chatter." With a glottal stop at the end, chachalacah was an alternate name for the bird known as the chachalahtli. All these words likely arose as an onomatopoeia for the four-noted cackle of the plain chachalaca (O. vetula).[9] The genus contains 16 species.[10]

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data tentatively suggest that the chachalacas emerged as a distinct lineage during the Oligocene, somewhere around 40–20 mya, possibly being the first lineage of modern cracids to evolve; this does agree with the known fossil record – including indeterminate, cracid-like birds – which very cautiously favors a north-to-south expansion of the family.[4]

Species

Image Common Name Scientific name Distribution
Файл:066 - PLAIN CHACHALACA (11-14-2016) national butterfly center, missin, hidalgo co, tx -03 (31012955630).jpg Plain chachalaca Ortalis vetula Southern Texas, Mexico, the Yucatán Peninsula, Belize, northern Guatemala, northern Honduras and just into the north central part of Nicaragua
Файл:Gray-headed Chachalaca (6901564788).jpg Grey-headed chachalaca Ortalis cinereiceps eastern Honduras to northwestern Colombia (from South Chocó to the upper Atrato)
Файл:Chestnut-winged Chachalaca.jpg Chestnut-winged chachalaca Ortalis garrula Colombia
Файл:Ortalis ruficauda 1.jpg Rufous-vented chachalaca Ortalis ruficauda northeast Colombia and Venezuela, Tobago, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Grenada
Файл:Rufous-headed Chachalaca.jpg Rufous-headed chachalaca Ortalis erythroptera Colombia and adjacent Ecuador and Peru
Файл:Chachalaca Vientre Castaño (15954400939) (cropped).jpg Rufous-bellied chachalaca Ortalis wagleri Mexico
Файл:Ortalis poliocephala (24328217339).jpg West Mexican chachalaca Ortalis poliocephala Mexico, from Jalisco to Oaxaca
Файл:Chaco Chachalaca (Ortalis canicollis).jpg Chaco chachalaca Ortalis canicollis Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
Файл:" chacha o chachalaca " Ave silvestre de El Salvador. - panoramio.jpg White-bellied chachalaca Ortalis leucogastra Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua
Файл:Ortalis columbiana.JPG Colombian chachalaca Ortalis columbiana Colombia.
Файл:Ortalis guttata, Speckled Chachalaca (cropped).jpg Speckled chachalaca Ortalis guttata western Amazon Basin
Файл:Ortalis (guttata) araucuan (2818916890).jpg East Brazilian chachalaca Ortalis araucuan Atlantic forests in eastern Brazil
Файл:Pássaro em Viamão 030.jpg Scaled chachalaca Ortalis squamata southeastern Brazil
Файл:Ortalis motmot - Little Chachalaca; Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas, Brazil.jpg Little chachalaca Ortalis motmot northern Brazil, French Guiana, Suriname, Guyana and Venezuela
Файл:Ortalis ruficeps - Chestnut-headed Chachalaca; Serra dos Carajás, Pará, Brazil.jpg Chestnut-headed chachalaca Ortalis ruficeps north central Brazil
Файл:Ortalis superciliaris) - Buff-browed Chachalaca; Rio Mearim, Arari, Maranhão, Brazil.jpg Buff-browed chachalaca Ortalis superciliaris Brazil

Prehistoric species

The cracids have a very poor fossil record, essentially being limited to a few chachalacas. The prehistoric species of the present genus, however, indicate that chachalacas most likely evolved in North or northern Central America:

  • Ortalis tantala (Early Miocene of Nebraska, USA)
  • Ortalis pollicaris (Flint Hill Middle Miocene of South Dakota, USA)
  • Ortalis affinis (Ogallala Early Pliocene of Trego County, Kansas, USA)
  • Ortalis phengites (Snake Creek Early Pliocene of Sioux County, Nebraska, USA)[11]

The Early Miocene fossil Boreortalis from Florida is also a chachalaca; it may actually be referrable to the extant genus.

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book In the 1920s Howard E. Coffin introduced a breeding population of chachalacas to Sapelo Island, and this breeding population still exists.
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Wetmore, Alexander. 1923. Avian Fossils from the Miocene and Pliocene of Nebraska. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History XLVIII pp. 483-457.Web access
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