Английская Википедия:Chakma script
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox writing system Шаблон:Brahmic The Chakma Script (Ajhā pāṭh), also called Ajhā pāṭh, Ojhapath, Ojhopath, Aaojhapath, is an abugida used for the Chakma language, and recently for the Pali language.[1]
History
The Chakma script is an abugida that belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Chakma evolved from the Burmese script, which was ultimately derived from Pallava.[2][3][4]
The script, along with the Chakma language, has been introduced to non-government schools in Bangladesh, and as well as schools in Mizoram.[5]
Structure
Chakma is of the Brahmic type: the consonant letters contain an inherent vowel. Unusually for Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, the inherent vowel in Chakma is a long 'ā' (a) as opposed to short 'a' (ɔ). Consonant clusters are written with conjunct characters, and a visible vowel killer shows the deletion of the inherent vowel when there is no conjunct.
Vowels
Four independent vowels exist: Шаблон:Script/Chakma a, Шаблон:Script/Chakma i, Шаблон:Script/Chakma u, and Шаблон:Script/Chakma e.
| 𑄃 | 𑄄 | 𑄅 | 𑄆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ā (aa) | i | u | e |
Other vowels in initial position are formed by adding the vowel sign to Шаблон:Script/Chakma a, as in Шаблон:Script/Chakma ī, Шаблон:Script/Chakma ū, Шаблон:Script/Chakma ai, Шаблон:Script/Chakma oi. Some modern writers are generalizing this spelling in Шаблон:Script/Chakma i, Шаблон:Script/Chakma u, and Шаблон:Script/Chakma e.
Chakma vowel signs with the letter Шаблон:Script/Chakma ka are given below:
| 𑄇 | 𑄇𑄧 | 𑄇𑄨 | 𑄇𑄩 | 𑄇𑄪 | 𑄇𑄫 | 𑄇𑄬 | 𑄇𑄮 | 𑄇𑄭 | 𑄇𑄯 | Шаблон:Script/Chakma | Шаблон:Script/Chakma | Шаблон:Script/Chakma | Шаблон:Script/Chakma | Шаблон:Script/Chakma |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kā | ka | ki | kī | ku | kū | ke | ko | kāi | kau | koi | kaṃ | kaṃ | kaḥ | k |
One of the interesting features of Chakma writing is that candrabindu 𑄀 (cānaphudā) can be used together with anusvara 𑄁 (ekaphudā) and visarga 𑄂 (dviphudā):
Шаблон:Script/Chakma aḥṃ = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma
Шаблон:Script/Chakma aṃṃ = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma
Шаблон:Script/Chakma uṃṃ = Шаблон:Script/Chakma u + Шаблон:Script/Chakma
Шаблон:Script/Chakma muṃ = Шаблон:Script/Chakma mā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma
Consonants
| 𑄇 | 𑄈 | 𑄉 | 𑄊 | 𑄋 | 𑄌 | 𑄍 | 𑄎 | 𑄏 | 𑄐 | 𑄑 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kā | khā | gā | ghā | ṅā | cā | chā | jā | jhā | ñā | ṭā |
| 𑄒 | 𑄓 | 𑄔 | 𑄕 | 𑄖 | 𑄗 | 𑄘 | 𑄙 | 𑄚 | 𑄛 | 𑄜 |
| ṭhā | dā | dhā | ṇā | tā | thā | dā | dhā | nā | pā | phā |
| 𑄝 | 𑄞 | 𑄟 | 𑄠 | 𑄡 | 𑄢 | 𑄣 | 𑄤 | 𑄥 | 𑄦 | |
| bā | bhā | mā | yyā | yā | rā | lā | wā | sā | hā |
Vowel-killer
Like other Brahmic scripts, Chakma makes use of the maayyaa (killer) to invoke conjoined consonants. In the past, practice was much more common than it is today. Like the Myanmar script, Chakma is encoded with two vowel-killing characters in order to conform to modern user expectations. As shown above, most letters have their vowels killed with the use of the explicit maayyaa:
𑄇𑄴 k = 𑄇 kā + 𑄴 MAAYYAA
Conjucts
In 2001 an orthographic reform was recommended in the book Cāṅmā pattham pāt which would limit the standard repertoire of conjuncts to those composed with the five letters 𑄠 yā, 𑄢 rā, 𑄣 lā, 𑄤 wā, and 𑄚 nā. The four here are the most widely accepted repertoire of conjuncts.
ya: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄠 yā
ra: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma + Шаблон:Script/Chakma rā
la: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + Шаблон:Script/Chakma lā
wa: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + Шаблон:Script/Chakma wā
No separate conjunct forms of subjoined full-form -yā or -rā appear to exist. The fifth of these conjuncts, the -na conjunct, is exemplary of the orthographic shift which has taken place in the Chakma language.
na: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + Шаблон:Script/Chakma nā
While some writers would indeed write Шаблон:Transl (in ligating style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚 or (in subjoining style) as 𑄇𑄇𑄳𑄚, most now would probably expect it to be written as 𑄇𑄇𑄴𑄚. The ligating style of glyphs is now considered old-fashioned. Thus, taking the letter 𑄟 mā as the second element, while the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā are attested, most users now prefer the glyph shapes 𑄇𑄳𑄟 kmā, 𑄖𑄳𑄟 tmā, 𑄚𑄳𑄟 nmā, 𑄝𑄳𑄝 bbā, 𑄟𑄳𑄟 mmā, 𑄣𑄳𑄣 llā, 𑄥𑄳𑄟 smā, and 𑄦𑄳𑄟 hmā. Again, this distinction is stylistic and not orthographic.
The 2004 book Phadagaṅ shows examples of the five conjuncts above together alongside conjuncts formed with 𑄝 bā, 𑄟 mā, and 𑄦 hā. These are all formed by simple subjoining.
ba: X + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄝 nā
ma: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + Шаблон:Script/Chakma nā
ha: X + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + Шаблон:Script/Chakma nā
In the 1982 book Cāṅmār āg pudhi a much wider range of conjunct pairs is shown, some of them with fairly complicated glyphs:
Шаблон:Script/Chakma kkā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma kā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma kṭā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma kā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ktā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma kā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma kmā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma kā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma kcā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma kā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṅkā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṅā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṅkā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṅā + Шаблон:Script/Chakma VIRAMA + 𑄉 gā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ccā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma cā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma cchā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma cā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄍 chā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñcā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄌 cā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñjā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄎 jā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñjhā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ñā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄏 jhā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṭṭā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma ṭā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ttā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma tmā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma tthā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma tā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄗 thā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ddā = Шаблон:Script/Chakma dā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄘 dā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ddhā = 𑄘 dā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄙 dhā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ntā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄖 tā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma nthā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄗 thā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma nmā = 𑄚 nā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma ppā = 𑄛 pā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma bbā = 𑄝 bā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄝 bā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma mmā = 𑄟 mā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma jjā = 𑄎 jā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄎 jā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma lkā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma lgā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄉 gā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma llā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄣 lā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma lṭā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma lpā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma lchā = 𑄣 lā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄍 chā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma sṭā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄑 ṭā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma skā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄇 kā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma spā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄛 pā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma smā = 𑄥 sā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 mā
Шаблон:Script/Chakma hmā = 𑄦 hā + 𑄳 VIRAMA + 𑄟 hmā
Letter names and punctuation
Chakma letters have a descriptive name followed by a traditional Brahmic consonant. These are given in annotations to the character names. Alongside a single (𑅁) and double (𑅂) danda punctuation, Chakma has a unique question mark (𑅃), and a section sign, Phulacihna. There is some variation in the glyphs for the Phulacihna (𑅀), some looking like flowers or leaves.
Numerals
The Chakma script contains its own set of numerals, although Bengali numerals are also used.
| 𑄶 | 𑄷 | 𑄸 | 𑄹 | 𑄺 | 𑄻 | 𑄼 | 𑄽 | 𑄾 | 𑄿 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
Unicode
Шаблон:Main Chakma script was added to the Unicode Standard in January 2012 with the release of version 6.1.[6]
The Unicode block for Chakma script is U+11100–U+1114F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points:
Educational Institutions
The Chakma language is being taught in many Government and private schools in India (Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh) and Bangladesh. The Chakma language was officially introduced in primary schools by the Govt. of Tripura under The Directorate of Kokborok & Other Minority Languages in 2004 through Bengali Script and since 2013 through Chakma script (also known as Ajhā Pāṭh). Presently,Шаблон:When? the Chakma language is being taught in 87 schools.[7]
References
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокScheurenне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокTalukdarне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокBraunsLöfflerне указан текст - ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокEversonHoskenне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Further reading
External links
- RibengUni (First Chakma Unicode Font)
- Chakma Script Шаблон:Webarchive
- Chakma Bangla Blog
- Chakma Prototype Keyboard
- Chakma Unicode Converter
- Available Chakma Unicode Fonts
- Chakma Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
- Chakma Open Dictionary
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite web
Шаблон:List of writing systems Шаблон:Language orthographies
