Английская Википедия:Chalybes
The Chalybes Шаблон:IPAc-en (Шаблон:Lang-grc, Шаблон:Lang-ka) and Chaldoi (Шаблон:Lang-grc, Шаблон:Lang-hy) were peoples mentioned by classical authors as living in Pontus and Cappadocia in northern Anatolia during Classical Antiquity. Their territory was known as Chaldia, extending from the Halys River to Pharnakeia and Trabzon in the east and as far south as eastern Anatolia. According to Apollonius of Rhodes, the Chalybes were Scythians.[1]
The Chaldoi, Chalybes, Mossynoikoi, and Tibareni, are counted among the first ironsmith nations by classical authors.[2] Шаблон:Lang, the tribe's name in Ancient Greek, means "tempered iron, steel", a term that passed into Latin as Шаблон:Lang, "steel". Sayce derived the Greek name Шаблон:Transl from Hittite Шаблон:Transl, "land of Halys River".[3] More than an identifiable people or tribe, "Chalybes" was a generic Greek term for "peoples of the Black Sea coast who trade in iron"[4] or "a group of specialised metalworkers".[5]
The main sources for the history of the Chaldoi are accounts from classical authors, including Homer, Strabo, and Xenophon. In Xenophon's Cyropaedia, Cyrus the Great helps the Armenians and Chaldians resolve a dispute over agricultural land.[6]
In Roman times, the Chaldaei (homonymous but unrelated to the Semitic Chaldeans[7][8]) and Chalybes are mentioned by Plutarch (Lucull. c. 14) as settled in Pontus and Cappadocia, or the Pontus Cappadocicus section of the Roman province of Pontus.
Pliny the Elder mentioned the Armenochalybes, a tribe residing between Trebizond and Armenia.[9]
Despite the ancient Greeks connecting the Chalybes to Scythians, some modern historians argue the Chalybes were a Georgian tribe. Historian Kalistrat Salia claims the Georgian ethnicity of the Chalybes is "indisputable". According to Sallia, the Zans, a Kartvelian ethnic group from present-day Turkey, are their descendants.[10] However, the one surviving word from the Chaldian language, Kakamar (the Chaldian name for the Black Sea), points toward an Indo-European connection.[11]
See also
References
Bibliography
- Giorgi Leon Kavtaradze: Probleme der historischen Geographie Anatoliens und Transkaukasiens im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr., in: Orbis Terrarum 2 (1996) S. 191-216
- David Marshall Lang, Грузины. Хранители святынь, Москва. Центрполиграф, 2006. pp. 71–72
- ↑ Apollonius Rhodius. Tr. by R. Merkel, by Edward P. Coleridge. The Argonautica. pp. 49, 65. [1]
- ↑ Strabo, xi., 14.5
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ I. M. Diakonoff The Pre-history of the Armenian People, Yerevan, 1968 (Delmar, New York, 1984) Шаблон:ISBN. "The Greeks evidently used the name Шаблон:Transl for all of the inhabitants of the Pontus who traded in iron ore (see Pauly, s.v. Chalybes); in some cases we might suspect that the Moschi (in Pontus) and/or the Chalybes were foreign designations for the Chaldians (Halitu, Xaghtik') who actually did live between the Tibareni in the west, the Mosynoeci in the north, and the Matieni in the southeast."
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Xenophon. Cyropaedia. Book 3. Chapter 2. [2]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Pliny. The Natural History. Book 6. Chapter 10. [3]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. University of Chicago Press. 2001.
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- Ancient peoples of Anatolia
- Iron Age Anatolia
- Tribes in Greco-Roman historiography
- Anabasis (Xenophon)
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
