Английская Википедия:Chamomile
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use dmy dates
Chamomile (American English) or camomile (British English; see spelling differences) (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell or Шаблон:Respell[1][2]) is the common name for several Шаблон:Nowrap plants of the family Asteraceae. Two of the species, Matricaria chamomilla and Chamaemelum nobile, are commonly used to make herbal infusions for beverages.[3][4][5] There has been limited (though thus far insufficient) research as to whether consuming chamomile in foods or beverages is effective in treating medical conditions, although in Hungarian it is referred to as the "king of herbs" (orvosi székfű).[4][5]
Etymology
The word chamomile is derived via French and Latin, from the Greek Шаблон:Lang-grc, from Шаблон:Lang-grc, and Шаблон:Lang-grc.[6][7] First used in the 13th century, the spelling chamomile corresponds to the Latin Шаблон:Lang and the Greek Шаблон:Transliteration.[7] The spelling camomile is a British derivation from the French.[7]
Species
Some commonly used species include:
- Matricaria chamomilla – often called "German chamomile" or "Water of Youth"[8]
- Chamaemelum nobile – Roman, English, or garden chamomile; also frequently used (C. nobile Treneague is normally used to create a chamomile lawn)[9]
A number of other species' common names include the word chamomile. This does not mean they are used in the same manner as the species used in the herbal tea known as "chamomile". Plants including the common name chamomile, of the family Asteraceae, are:
- Anthemis arvensis – corn, scentless or field chamomile
- Anthemis cotula – stinking chamomile
- Cladanthus mixtus – Moroccan chamomile
- Cota tinctoria – dyer's, golden, oxeye, or yellow chamomile
- Eriocephalus punctulatus – Cape chamomile
- Matricaria discoidea – wild chamomile or pineapple weed
- Tripleurospermum inodorum – wild, scentless or false chamomile
Uses
Chamomile may be used as a flavoring agent in foods and beverages, mouthwash, soaps, or cosmetics.[5] It is used to "upholster" chamomile seats, raised beds which are about half a meter tall, and designed to be sat upon.[10] Chamomile lawns are also used in sunny areas with light traffic.[11]
Tea
Chamomile tea is a herbal infusion made from dried flowers and hot water, and may improve sleep quality.[3] Two types of chamomile are used, namely German chamomile (Matricaria recutita) and Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).[3]
Use in beer and ale
Chamomile has historically been used in making beer and ale.[12] Unlike for tea, in which only the flowers are used, the whole plant has been used to make beers and ales, adding a bitter flavor component favored by craft breweries and homebrewers.[13][14]
Research
The main compounds of interest in chamomile flowers are coumarins, flavonoids, and polyphenols,[8] including apigenin, quercetin, patuletin, luteolin, and daphnin.[15][16] It is currently unclear whether chamomile is effective in treating any medical conditions.[5] Chamomile is under preliminary research for its potential anti-anxiety properties.[8] There is no high-quality clinical evidence that it is useful for treating insomnia.[17]
Drug interactions
The use of chamomile has the potential to cause adverse interactions with numerous herbal products and prescription drugs and may worsen pollen allergies.[5] People who are allergic to ragweed (also in the daisy family) may be allergic to chamomile due to cross-reactivity.[3]
Chamomile is not recommended to be taken with aspirin or Шаблон:Nowrap NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as it may cause drug–herb interaction. Chamomile consists of several ingredients including coumarin, glycoside, herniarin, flavonoid, farnesol, nerolidol and germacranolide. Despite the presence of coumarin, as chamomile's effect on the coagulation system has not yet been studied, it is unknown whether a clinically significant drug–herb interaction exists with anticoagulant drugs.[5] However, until more information is available, it is not recommended to use these substances concurrently.[18]
Chamomile should not be used by people with past or present cancers of the breast, ovary, or uterus; endometriosis; or uterine fibroids.[5]
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Because chamomile has been known to cause uterine contractions that can invoke miscarriage, pregnant women are advised to not consume Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile).[4] Although oral consumption of chamomile is generally recognized as safe in the United States, there is insufficient clinical evidence about its potential for affecting nursing infants.[5]
Agriculture
The chamomile plant is known to be susceptible to many fungi, insects, and viruses. Fungi such as Albugo tragopogonis (white rust), Cylindrosporium matricariae, Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), and Sphaerotheca macularis (powdery mildew) are known pathogens of the chamomile plant. Aphids have been observed feeding on chamomile plants and the moth Autographa chryson causes defoliation.Шаблон:Citation needed
Historical descriptions
The 11th century part of Old English Illustrated Herbal has an illustrated entry.[19] Nicholas Culpeper's 17th century The Complete Herbal has an illustration and several entries on chamomel.[20][21]
In culture
- In The Tale of Peter Rabbit by Beatrix Potter (1902), Peter is given chamomile tea after being chased by Mr. McGregor.[22]
- Mary Wesley's 1984 novel The Camomile Lawn features a house in Cornwall with a lawn planted with chamomile rather than grass.
- In the 2001 No Doubt song "Hey Baby", chamomile is featured in the line "I'm just sippin' on chamomile", sung by Gwen Stefani.
- Chamomile is the national flower of Russia.[23]
References
External links
Шаблон:Medicinal herbs & fungi
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:LSJ
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ The Sensory Garden, Buckfast Abbey (image)
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Michael Castleman Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ James Minahan. The complete guide to national symbols and emblems, Vol. 1. Greenwood Press. 2009.
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