Английская Википедия:Charaxes cithaeron
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Speciesbox
Charaxes cithaeron, the blue-spotted emperor or blue-spotted charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in south-east Africa.[1]
Full description
Шаблон:Entomology glossary hatnote The wingspan is 70–80 mm in males and 85–95 mm in females. Ch. cithaeron Fldr. male: forewing above black with two transverse rows of blue spots; the proximal row in the middle, composed of 6 spots (2 in cellule lb and one each in 2-5), the distal consists of 8 spots, of which the first, in 6 and 7, are white; an elongate blue spot in la beyond the middle. Hindwing above beyond the middle with a broad transverse band, posteriorly whitish and anteriorly blue, blue submarginal spots and whitish marginal streaks. The basal part of the under surface with irregularly arranged, black, white-edged transverse streaks. The female has on the upperside a broad, curved white transverse band, proximally sharply defined, on the forewing and a bluish white transverse band on the hindwing and is hence very similar above to the female of violetta East Africa from Natal to Kenia in British East Africa. [2]
A full description is also given by Walter Rothschild and Karl Jordan (1900). Novitates Zoologicae Volume 7:287-524. [1] page 379-382 (for terms see Novitates Zoologicae Volume 5:545-601 [2])
Biology
Flight period is year-round.[3] Larvae feed on Trema orientalis, Albizia adianthifolia, Celtis africana, Cola natalensis, Chaerachme aristata, Bafia racemosa, Afzelia quanzensis, Milletia sutherlandi, Maytenus senegalensis, and Craibia brevecaudatus.[1][3] Notes on the biology of cithaeron are given by Pringle et al (1994), and Kielland, J. (1990).[4][5]
Habitat
Forested areas from the coastal belt to the Kenya Highlands.
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically.[1]
- C. c. cithaeron C. & R. Felder, 1859 (Tanzania, Mozambique, eastern Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini)
- C. c. joanae van Someren, 1964 [6] (Zambia, northern Zimbabwe and possibly the Tukuyu District of Tanzania)
- C. c. kennethi Poulton, 1926 [7] (coast of Kenya, eastern Tanzania)
- C. c. nairobicus van Son, 1953 [8](Kenya: central highlands east of the Rift Valley)
- C. c. nyasae van Someren, 1964 (Malawi)
Taxonomy
Similar to Charaxes xiphares but the female has a much wider forewing white band. Also similar to Charaxes violetta, which has straight white lines on the underside (these are irregular in Charaxes cithaeron) [9] Kielland discusses the great variability both within and between the various described subspecies and implies that the species is not divisible into definable subspecies.
Realm
References
- Seitz, A. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 31
- Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren (1964). Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 181-235.[3]
External links
- Charaxes cithaeron images at Charaxes page Consortium for the Barcode of Life subspecies and forms
- Images of C. cithaeron cithaeron Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
- Images of C. cithaeron kennethi (Albertine Rift Project)
- Images of C. Cithaeron nairobicus (Albertine Rift Project)
- African Butterfly Database Range map via search
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 "Charaxes Ochsenheimer, 1816" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
- ↑ Aurivillius, [P.O.]C. 1908-1924. In: Seitz, A. Die Großschmetterlinge der Erde Band 13: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die afrikanischen Tagfalter, 1925, 613 Seiten, 80 Tafeln (The Macrolepidoptera of the World 13).Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart.Шаблон:PD-notice
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Pringle et al , 1994. Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa, 2nd edition
- ↑ Kielland, J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London: 1-363.
- ↑ van Someren, V.G.L. 1964. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part II. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 15:181-235.
- ↑ Poulton, E.B. 1926 Mimicry in African butterflies of the genus Charaxes, with a classification of the species. III. Internationaler Entomologen-Kongress 2: 518-575.
- ↑ Van Son , G. 1953. A revision of the subspecies and forms of Charaxes cithaeron Felder and Charaxes xiphares (Cramer). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 22 (2): 219-230.
- ↑ Kielland, J. 1990 . Butterflies of Tanzania. Hill House, Melbourne and London: 1-363.
