Английская Википедия:Charibael

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Шаблон:Short description

Файл:Crowned man, Zafar.jpg
A relief of an armed, armored, and crowned figure from the ruins of Zafar, described as the seat of the kingdom of "Charibael" in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Charibael (Sabaean:Шаблон:NbspШаблон:Lang Karibʾīl,[1]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp "Blessed by God",Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp or "Following God")Шаблон:Sfnp was a South Arabian ruler described in and contemporary with the 1st-centuryШаблон:NbspAD Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.

Name

The two Greek manuscripts of the Periplus give the names Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre, Kharibaḗl, or Шаблон:Lang, Kharibaḗla,Шаблон:Sfnp Latinized as CharibaelШаблон:Sfnp or Charibaël.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp There is now widespread agreement that the name represents a transcription of the Sabaean name Шаблон:Sc (Sabaean:Шаблон:NbspШаблон:Lang). Pace Glaser[1] & Schoff,[2] this was not a title but was a regnal name shared by numerous other South Arabian rulers.

Description

Файл:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg
A map reconstructing the trade routes and kingdoms described in the 1st-century Periplus. Charibael's kingdom is described as controlling the Himyarites, Sabaeans, and the major ports of Azania on the Swahili coast.
Файл:MapHymiariteKingdom.jpg
A detail of the places in the Periplus located around the Red and Arabian Seas.

Шаблон:See also The Periplus calls Charibael the "lawful king" of the "Homerites" and "those living next to them called the Sabaites".[3] He is said to dwell in Saphar and to maintain friendship with the Roman emperors by means of "continual embassies and gifts".[3] He is said to exercise control over the towns of "Muza"[4] (Mocha)[5] and "Saua" (Taiz)[2] in "Mapharitis" through a "vassal-chief" named "Cholaebus"[6] (Kula'ib).[2] From the Roman merchants calling at Mocha, he required tribute of "horses and sumpter-mules, vessels of gold and polished silver, finely woven clothing and copper vessels".[7] His realm included "Ocelis" at the Bab-el-Mandeb[8] and the ruins at "Eudaemon Arabia"[9] but to exert little control beyond it, with the rest of the coast of the Arabian Sea peopled by nomads and fishermen,[10] the "Frankincense Country" of "Eleazus",[10] and the Parthian Empire's recent conquests in what is now Oman.[11] The Periplus credits Charibael with indirect dominion over the major ports of Azania,[12] the present-day Somali and Swahili coasts, through his vassals at Mocha.[13]

He is also probably[14] the monarch responsible for the destruction of the port of Eudaemon Arabia (Aden)[15] recently before the time of the author's voyage.[9] This was likely in service to his allies at Mocha, who would have been Aden's commercial rivals.[14] Attributing the attack to Charibael, however, requires an emendation of the text, whose manuscripts attribute the attack to "a Caesar".[15] In the 19th century, MüllerШаблон:Sfnp and DittrichШаблон:Sfnp emended "Caesar" to "Elisar",[15] whom they identified with the King Eleazus mentioned elsewhere in the text.[10] This has not been supported by inscriptions in South Arabia and is far less likely on geographical grounds as well.[14] Other researchers have maintained that the reference is to the invasion of Arabia by the Egyptian prefect G. Aelius Gallus in 26Шаблон:NbspBC.Шаблон:Sfnp Apart from the many decades separating that campaign from the Periplus, the detailed description of the campaign in Strabo[16] shows that the army proceeded overland and was successfully misled and sabotaged by the Nabataean patriot Syllaeus before reaching any of the southern ports. Pliny explicitly names the furthest point reached as "Caripeta",[17] usually taken after ForsterШаблон:Sfnp as a scribal error for a previously mentioned "Cariata", the Qaryatayn near Ibb in the Yemeni highlands. Pliny further explicitly states in the same passage that no other Roman force had reached so far into Arabia as late as the time of his composition of the Natural History, now usually placed well after the Periplus.

Identification

Файл:SouthArabianCoin1stCenturyCE.jpg
A Roman-influenced coin from Шаблон:Nowrap
Файл:HymiariteKingdomAugustusImitation1stCenturyCE.jpg
A counterfeit Roman coin from Шаблон:Nowrap

Since Glaser's 19th-century work with Arabian inscriptions,[1] Charibael is usually identified with the Kariba-il Watar Yuhan'im[2]Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp who ruled Himyar sometime between ADШаблон:Nbsp40 and 70.[2] The issue is muddied by two factors. First, the rulers of Himyar and Saba both employed the title "king of Saba and Dhu Raydan"; the title was also assumed by Hadramauti invaders around the time. The existence of such competing claims is even implied by the Periplus's own phrasing, calling Charibael the "lawful" king in probable distinction to less powerful rivals. Second, the inscriptions have revealed five different Karibʾīls during the 1st century.Шаблон:Sfnp Thus, the Periplus’s "Charibael" is sometimes identified as Karibʾīl Bayān,Шаблон:Sfnp son of Dhamarʿalī Dharib and king of Saba during the ADШаблон:Nbsp80s.Шаблон:Sfnp

See also

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 Шаблон:Harvp.
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 Шаблон:Harvp.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Harvnb.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Harvnb.
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 10,2 Шаблон:Harvnb.
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Harvnb.
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 Шаблон:Harvp.
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Harvp.
  16. ↑ Strabo, Geogr., XVI, §§22–24.
  17. ↑ Pliny, Nat. Hist., VI, §32.
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